"with low computational cost. It is fast and cheap. The simple and lightweight design makes it easy to use and extend, such as adding new learners. FLAML can \n",
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"\u001b[33mWARNING: Running pip as the 'root' user can result in broken permissions and conflicting behaviour with the system package manager. It is recommended to use a virtual environment instead: https://pip.pypa.io/warnings/venv\u001b[0m\n",
"\u001b[33mWARNING: You are using pip version 21.3; however, version 21.3.1 is available.\n",
"You should consider upgrading via the '/usr/local/bin/python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.\u001b[0m\n"
"Download [Airlines dataset](https://www.openml.org/d/1169) from OpenML. The task is to predict whether a given flight will be delayed, given the information of the scheduled departure."
"In the FLAML automl run configuration, users can specify the task type, time budget, error metric, learner list, whether to subsample, resampling strategy type, and so on. All these arguments have default values which will be used if users do not provide them. For example, the default classifiers are `['lgbm', 'xgboost', 'xgb_limitdepth', 'catboost', 'rf', 'extra_tree', 'lrl1']`. "
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:33:02] {1861} INFO - task = classification\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:33:02] {1863} INFO - Data split method: stratified\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:33:02] {1867} INFO - Evaluation method: holdout\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:33:02] {1933} INFO - Minimizing error metric: 1-accuracy\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:33:03] {1985} INFO - List of ML learners in AutoML Run: ['lgbm', 'rf', 'catboost', 'xgboost', 'extra_tree', 'xgb_limitdepth', 'lrl1']\n",
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"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:33:03] {2337} INFO - Estimated sufficient time budget=53519s. Estimated necessary time budget=1314s.\n",
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"/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/sklearn/linear_model/_sag.py:354: ConvergenceWarning: The max_iter was reached which means the coef_ did not converge\n",
" ConvergenceWarning,\n",
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" ConvergenceWarning,\n",
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" ConvergenceWarning,\n",
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" ConvergenceWarning,\n",
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"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:11] {2629} INFO - retrain lgbm for 9.3s\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:11] {2634} INFO - retrained model: LGBMClassifier(learning_rate=0.10320258241974468, max_bin=1023,\n",
"/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:888: UserWarning: The use of label encoder in XGBClassifier is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. To remove this warning, do the following: 1) Pass option use_label_encoder=False when constructing XGBClassifier object; and 2) Encode your labels (y) as integers starting with 0, i.e. 0, 1, 2, ..., [num_class - 1].\n",
"Some experienced automl users may have a preferred model to tune or may already have a reasonably by-hand-tuned model before launching the automl experiment. They need to select optimal configurations for the customized model mixed with standard built-in learners. \n",
"\n",
"FLAML can easily incorporate customized/new learners (preferably with sklearn API) provided by users in a real-time manner, as demonstrated below."
"[Regularized Greedy Forest](https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.0887) (RGF) is a machine learning method currently not included in FLAML. The RGF has many tuning parameters, the most critical of which are: `[max_leaf, n_iter, n_tree_search, opt_interval, min_samples_leaf]`. To run a customized/new learner, the user needs to provide the following information:\n",
"* an implementation of the customized/new learner\n",
"* a list of hyperparameter names and types\n",
"* rough ranges of hyperparameters (i.e., upper/lower bounds)\n",
"* choose initial value corresponding to low cost for cost-related hyperparameters (e.g., initial value for max_leaf and n_iter should be small)\n",
"\n",
"In this example, the above information for RGF is wrapped in a python class called *MyRegularizedGreedyForest* that exposes the hyperparameters."
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:21] {1861} INFO - task = classification\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:21] {1863} INFO - Data split method: stratified\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:21] {1867} INFO - Evaluation method: holdout\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:22] {1933} INFO - Minimizing error metric: 1-accuracy\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:22] {1985} INFO - List of ML learners in AutoML Run: ['RGF', 'lgbm', 'rf', 'xgboost']\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:22] {2223} INFO - iteration 0, current learner RGF\n",
"/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/rgf/utils.py:224: UserWarning: Cannot find FastRGF executable files. FastRGF estimators will be unavailable for usage.\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:32] {2014} INFO - fit succeeded\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:32] {2016} INFO - Time taken to find the best model: 7.508742332458496\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:32] {2030} WARNING - Time taken to find the best model is 75% of the provided time budget and not all estimators' hyperparameter search converged. Consider increasing the time budget.\n"
"It's also easy to customize the optimization metric. As an example, we demonstrate with a custom metric function which combines training loss and validation loss as the final loss to minimize."
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:32] {1985} INFO - List of ML learners in AutoML Run: ['lgbm', 'rf', 'catboost', 'xgboost', 'extra_tree', 'xgb_limitdepth', 'lrl1']\n",
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"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:32] {2337} INFO - Estimated sufficient time budget=13940s. Estimated necessary time budget=342s.\n",
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"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:43] {2629} INFO - retrain lgbm for 1.1s\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:43] {2634} INFO - retrained model: LGBMClassifier(colsample_bytree=0.9031374907114736,\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:43] {2014} INFO - fit succeeded\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:43] {2016} INFO - Time taken to find the best model: 9.087406158447266\n",
"[flaml.automl: 11-23 01:37:43] {2030} WARNING - Time taken to find the best model is 91% of the provided time budget and not all estimators' hyperparameter search converged. Consider increasing the time budget.\n"