autogen/notebook/automl_classification.ipynb

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   "source": [
    "Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. \n",
    "\n",
    "Licensed under the MIT License.\n",
    "\n",
    "# AutoML with FLAML Library\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "## 1. Introduction\n",
    "\n",
    "FLAML is a Python library (https://github.com/microsoft/FLAML) designed to automatically produce accurate machine learning models \n",
    "with low computational cost. It is fast and economical. The simple and lightweight design makes it easy to use and extend, such as adding new learners. FLAML can \n",
    "- serve as an economical AutoML engine,\n",
    "- be used as a fast hyperparameter tuning tool, or \n",
    "- be embedded in self-tuning software that requires low latency & resource in repetitive\n",
    "   tuning tasks.\n",
    "\n",
    "In this notebook, we use one real data example (binary classification) to showcase how to use FLAML library.\n",
    "\n",
    "FLAML requires `Python>=3.7`. To run this notebook example, please install flaml with the `automl` option (this option is introduced from version 2, for version 1 it is installed by default):\n",
    "```bash\n",
    "pip install flaml[automl]\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# %pip install flaml[automl] matplotlib openml"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 2. Classification Example\n",
    "### Load data and preprocess\n",
    "\n",
    "Download [Airlines dataset](https://www.openml.org/d/1169) from OpenML. The task is to predict whether a given flight will be delayed, given the information of the scheduled departure."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    },
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "download dataset from openml\n",
      "Dataset name: airlines\n",
      "X_train.shape: (404537, 7), y_train.shape: (404537,);\n",
      "X_test.shape: (134846, 7), y_test.shape: (134846,)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from flaml.data import load_openml_dataset\n",
    "X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = load_openml_dataset(dataset_id=1169, data_dir='./')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Airline</th>\n",
       "      <th>Flight</th>\n",
       "      <th>AirportFrom</th>\n",
       "      <th>AirportTo</th>\n",
       "      <th>DayOfWeek</th>\n",
       "      <th>Time</th>\n",
       "      <th>Length</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>249392</th>\n",
       "      <td>EV</td>\n",
       "      <td>5309.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>MDT</td>\n",
       "      <td>ATL</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>794.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>131.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>166918</th>\n",
       "      <td>CO</td>\n",
       "      <td>1079.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>IAH</td>\n",
       "      <td>SAT</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>900.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>60.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>89110</th>\n",
       "      <td>US</td>\n",
       "      <td>1636.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>CLE</td>\n",
       "      <td>CLT</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>530.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>103.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>70258</th>\n",
       "      <td>WN</td>\n",
       "      <td>928.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>CMH</td>\n",
       "      <td>LAS</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>480.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>280.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>492985</th>\n",
       "      <td>WN</td>\n",
       "      <td>729.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>GEG</td>\n",
       "      <td>LAS</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>630.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>140.0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       Airline  Flight AirportFrom AirportTo DayOfWeek   Time  Length\n",
       "249392      EV  5309.0         MDT       ATL         3  794.0   131.0\n",
       "166918      CO  1079.0         IAH       SAT         5  900.0    60.0\n",
       "89110       US  1636.0         CLE       CLT         1  530.0   103.0\n",
       "70258       WN   928.0         CMH       LAS         7  480.0   280.0\n",
       "492985      WN   729.0         GEG       LAS         3  630.0   140.0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "X_train.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Run FLAML\n",
    "In the FLAML automl run configuration, users can specify the task type, time budget, error metric, learner list, whether to subsample, resampling strategy type, and so on. All these arguments have default values which will be used if users do not provide them. For example, the default classifiers are `['lgbm', 'xgboost', 'xgb_limitdepth', 'catboost', 'rf', 'extra_tree', 'lrl1']`. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "''' import AutoML class from flaml package '''\n",
    "from flaml import AutoML\n",
    "automl = AutoML()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "settings = {\n",
    "    \"time_budget\": 600,  # total running time in seconds\n",
    "    \"metric\": 'accuracy', \n",
    "                        # check the documentation for options of metrics (https://microsoft.github.io/FLAML/docs/Use-Cases/Task-Oriented-AutoML#optimization-metric)\n",
    "    \"task\": 'classification',  # task type\n",
    "    \"log_file_name\": 'airlines_experiment.log',  # flaml log file\n",
    "    \"seed\": 7654321,    # random seed\n",
    "}\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    },
    "tags": [
     "outputPrepend"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:20:40] {1663} INFO - task = classification\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:20:40] {1670} INFO - Data split method: stratified\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:20:40] {1673} INFO - Evaluation method: holdout\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:20:40] {1771} INFO - Minimizing error metric: 1-accuracy\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:20:41] {1881} INFO - List of ML learners in AutoML Run: ['lgbm', 'rf', 'catboost', 'xgboost', 'extra_tree', 'xgb_limitdepth', 'lrl1']\n",
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      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:20:41] {2317} INFO - Estimated sufficient time budget=44511s. Estimated necessary time budget=1093s.\n",
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     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
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      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n",
      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
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    },
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     "name": "stderr",
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      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
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      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n",
      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n",
      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
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      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
     ]
    },
    {
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      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
     ]
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      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
     ]
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      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
     ]
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      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
     ]
    },
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      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n",
      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n",
      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n",
      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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      "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/sklearn/linear_model/_sag.py:350: ConvergenceWarning: The max_iter was reached which means the coef_ did not converge\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\n"
     ]
    },
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     "output_type": "stream",
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      "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/sklearn/linear_model/_sag.py:350: ConvergenceWarning: The max_iter was reached which means the coef_ did not converge\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\n"
     ]
    },
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      "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/sklearn/linear_model/_sag.py:350: ConvergenceWarning: The max_iter was reached which means the coef_ did not converge\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\n"
     ]
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      "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/sklearn/linear_model/_sag.py:350: ConvergenceWarning: The max_iter was reached which means the coef_ did not converge\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\n"
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      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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      "  warnings.warn(\n"
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      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:30:39] {2364} INFO -  at 599.9s,\testimator extra_tree's best error=0.3786,\tbest estimator lgbm's best error=0.3250\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:30:49] {2600} INFO - retrain lgbm for 9.5s\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:30:49] {2603} INFO - retrained model: LGBMClassifier(colsample_bytree=0.763983850698587,\n",
      "               learning_rate=0.087493667994037, max_bin=127,\n",
      "               min_child_samples=128, n_estimators=302, num_leaves=466,\n",
      "               reg_alpha=0.09968008477303378, reg_lambda=23.227419343318914,\n",
      "               verbose=-1)\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:30:49] {1911} INFO - fit succeeded\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:30:49] {1912} INFO - Time taken to find the best model: 275.4841866493225\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'''The main flaml automl API'''\n",
    "automl.fit(X_train=X_train, y_train=y_train, **settings)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Best model and metric"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    },
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Best ML leaner: lgbm\n",
      "Best hyperparmeter config: {'n_estimators': 302, 'num_leaves': 466, 'min_child_samples': 128, 'learning_rate': 0.087493667994037, 'log_max_bin': 7, 'colsample_bytree': 0.763983850698587, 'reg_alpha': 0.09968008477303378, 'reg_lambda': 23.227419343318914}\n",
      "Best accuracy on validation data: 0.675\n",
      "Training duration of best run: 9.453 s\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'''retrieve best config and best learner'''\n",
    "print('Best ML leaner:', automl.best_estimator)\n",
    "print('Best hyperparmeter config:', automl.best_config)\n",
    "print('Best accuracy on validation data: {0:.4g}'.format(1-automl.best_loss))\n",
    "print('Training duration of best run: {0:.4g} s'.format(automl.best_config_train_time))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style>#sk-container-id-1 {color: black;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-1 pre{padding: 0;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-toggleable {background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-1 label.sk-toggleable__label {cursor: pointer;display: block;width: 100%;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0.3em;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-1 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▸\";float: left;margin-right: 0.25em;color: #696969;}#sk-container-id-1 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-estimator:hover label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 0;max-width: 0;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {margin: 0.2em;color: black;border-radius: 0.25em;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-1 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 200px;max-width: 100%;overflow: auto;}#sk-container-id-1 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▾\";}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-1 input.sk-hidden--visually {border: 0;clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height: 1px;margin: -1px;overflow: hidden;padding: 0;position: absolute;width: 1px;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-estimator {font-family: monospace;background-color: #f0f8ff;border: 1px dotted black;border-radius: 0.25em;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-estimator:hover {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel-item::after {content: \"\";width: 100%;border-bottom: 1px solid gray;flex-grow: 1;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-serial::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: 0;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-serial {display: flex;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;background-color: white;padding-right: 0.2em;padding-left: 0.2em;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-item {position: relative;z-index: 1;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel {display: flex;align-items: stretch;justify-content: center;background-color: white;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-item::before, #sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel-item::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: -1;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel-item {display: flex;flex-direction: column;z-index: 1;position: relative;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {align-self: flex-end;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {align-self: flex-start;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {width: 0;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {border: 1px dashed gray;margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;box-sizing: border-box;padding-bottom: 0.4em;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label label {font-family: monospace;font-weight: bold;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.2em;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-label-container {text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-container {/* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }` but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }` so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override the default hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org. See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */display: inline-block !important;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-1 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {display: none;}</style><div id=\"sk-container-id-1\" class=\"sk-top-container\
       "               learning_rate=0.087493667994037, max_bin=127,\n",
       "               min_child_samples=128, n_estimators=302, num_leaves=466,\n",
       "               reg_alpha=0.09968008477303378, reg_lambda=23.227419343318914,\n",
       "               verbose=-1)</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class=\"sk-container\" hidden><div class=\"sk-item\"><div class=\"sk-estimator sk-toggleable\"><input class=\"sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually\" id=\"sk-estimator-id-1\" type=\"checkbox\" checked><label for=\"sk-estimator-id-1\" class=\"sk-toggleable__label sk-toggleable__label-arrow\">LGBMClassifier</label><div class=\"sk-toggleable__content\"><pre>LGBMClassifier(colsample_bytree=0.763983850698587,\n",
       "               learning_rate=0.087493667994037, max_bin=127,\n",
       "               min_child_samples=128, n_estimators=302, num_leaves=466,\n",
       "               reg_alpha=0.09968008477303378, reg_lambda=23.227419343318914,\n",
       "               verbose=-1)</pre></div></div></div></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "LGBMClassifier(colsample_bytree=0.763983850698587,\n",
       "               learning_rate=0.087493667994037, max_bin=127,\n",
       "               min_child_samples=128, n_estimators=302, num_leaves=466,\n",
       "               reg_alpha=0.09968008477303378, reg_lambda=23.227419343318914,\n",
       "               verbose=-1)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "automl.model.estimator"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "'''pickle and save the automl object'''\n",
    "import pickle\n",
    "with open('automl.pkl', 'wb') as f:\n",
    "    pickle.dump(automl, f, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)\n",
    "'''load pickled automl object'''\n",
    "with open('automl.pkl', 'rb') as f:\n",
    "    automl = pickle.load(f)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    },
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Predicted labels ['1' '0' '1' ... '1' '0' '0']\n",
      "True labels 118331    0\n",
      "328182    0\n",
      "335454    0\n",
      "520591    1\n",
      "344651    0\n",
      "         ..\n",
      "367080    0\n",
      "203510    1\n",
      "254894    0\n",
      "296512    1\n",
      "362444    0\n",
      "Name: Delay, Length: 134846, dtype: category\n",
      "Categories (2, object): ['0' < '1']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'''compute predictions of testing dataset''' \n",
    "y_pred = automl.predict(X_test)\n",
    "print('Predicted labels', y_pred)\n",
    "print('True labels', y_test)\n",
    "y_pred_proba = automl.predict_proba(X_test)[:,1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    },
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "accuracy = 0.6732939797991784\n",
      "roc_auc = 0.7276250346550404\n",
      "log_loss = 0.6014655432027879\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "''' compute different metric values on testing dataset'''\n",
    "from flaml.ml import sklearn_metric_loss_score\n",
    "print('accuracy', '=', 1 - sklearn_metric_loss_score('accuracy', y_pred, y_test))\n",
    "print('roc_auc', '=', 1 - sklearn_metric_loss_score('roc_auc', y_pred_proba, y_test))\n",
    "print('log_loss', '=', sklearn_metric_loss_score('log_loss', y_pred_proba, y_test))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "See Section 4 for an accuracy comparison with default LightGBM and XGBoost.\n",
    "\n",
    "### Log history"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "subslide"
    },
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "{'Current Learner': 'lgbm', 'Current Sample': 10000, 'Current Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 4, 'num_leaves': 4, 'min_child_samples': 20, 'learning_rate': 0.09999999999999995, 'log_max_bin': 8, 'colsample_bytree': 1.0, 'reg_alpha': 0.0009765625, 'reg_lambda': 1.0, 'FLAML_sample_size': 10000}, 'Best Learner': 'lgbm', 'Best Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 4, 'num_leaves': 4, 'min_child_samples': 20, 'learning_rate': 0.09999999999999995, 'log_max_bin': 8, 'colsample_bytree': 1.0, 'reg_alpha': 0.0009765625, 'reg_lambda': 1.0, 'FLAML_sample_size': 10000}}\n",
      "{'Current Learner': 'lgbm', 'Current Sample': 10000, 'Current Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 26, 'num_leaves': 4, 'min_child_samples': 18, 'learning_rate': 0.2293009676418639, 'log_max_bin': 9, 'colsample_bytree': 0.9086551727646448, 'reg_alpha': 0.0015561782752413472, 'reg_lambda': 0.33127416269768944, 'FLAML_sample_size': 10000}, 'Best Learner': 'lgbm', 'Best Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 26, 'num_leaves': 4, 'min_child_samples': 18, 'learning_rate': 0.2293009676418639, 'log_max_bin': 9, 'colsample_bytree': 0.9086551727646448, 'reg_alpha': 0.0015561782752413472, 'reg_lambda': 0.33127416269768944, 'FLAML_sample_size': 10000}}\n",
      "{'Current Learner': 'lgbm', 'Current Sample': 40000, 'Current Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 55, 'num_leaves': 4, 'min_child_samples': 20, 'learning_rate': 0.43653962213332903, 'log_max_bin': 10, 'colsample_bytree': 0.8048558760626646, 'reg_alpha': 0.0009765625, 'reg_lambda': 0.23010605579846408, 'FLAML_sample_size': 40000}, 'Best Learner': 'lgbm', 'Best Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 55, 'num_leaves': 4, 'min_child_samples': 20, 'learning_rate': 0.43653962213332903, 'log_max_bin': 10, 'colsample_bytree': 0.8048558760626646, 'reg_alpha': 0.0009765625, 'reg_lambda': 0.23010605579846408, 'FLAML_sample_size': 40000}}\n",
      "{'Current Learner': 'lgbm', 'Current Sample': 40000, 'Current Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 90, 'num_leaves': 18, 'min_child_samples': 34, 'learning_rate': 0.3572626620529719, 'log_max_bin': 10, 'colsample_bytree': 0.9295656128173544, 'reg_alpha': 0.0009765625, 'reg_lambda': 0.1981463604305675, 'FLAML_sample_size': 40000}, 'Best Learner': 'lgbm', 'Best Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 90, 'num_leaves': 18, 'min_child_samples': 34, 'learning_rate': 0.3572626620529719, 'log_max_bin': 10, 'colsample_bytree': 0.9295656128173544, 'reg_alpha': 0.0009765625, 'reg_lambda': 0.1981463604305675, 'FLAML_sample_size': 40000}}\n",
      "{'Current Learner': 'lgbm', 'Current Sample': 40000, 'Current Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 56, 'num_leaves': 7, 'min_child_samples': 92, 'learning_rate': 0.23536463281405412, 'log_max_bin': 10, 'colsample_bytree': 0.9898009552962395, 'reg_alpha': 0.0009765625, 'reg_lambda': 0.143294261726433, 'FLAML_sample_size': 40000}, 'Best Learner': 'lgbm', 'Best Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 56, 'num_leaves': 7, 'min_child_samples': 92, 'learning_rate': 0.23536463281405412, 'log_max_bin': 10, 'colsample_bytree': 0.9898009552962395, 'reg_alpha': 0.0009765625, 'reg_lambda': 0.143294261726433, 'FLAML_sample_size': 40000}}\n",
      "{'Current Learner': 'lgbm', 'Current Sample': 364083, 'Current Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 56, 'num_leaves': 7, 'min_child_samples': 92, 'learning_rate': 0.23536463281405412, 'log_max_bin': 10, 'colsample_bytree': 0.9898009552962395, 'reg_alpha': 0.0009765625, 'reg_lambda': 0.143294261726433, 'FLAML_sample_size': 364083}, 'Best Learner': 'lgbm', 'Best Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 56, 'num_leaves': 7, 'min_child_samples': 92, 'learning_rate': 0.23536463281405412, 'log_max_bin': 10, 'colsample_bytree': 0.9898009552962395, 'reg_alpha': 0.0009765625, 'reg_lambda': 0.143294261726433, 'FLAML_sample_size': 364083}}\n",
      "{'Current Learner': 'lgbm', 'Current Sample': 364083, 'Current Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 179, 'num_leaves': 27, 'min_child_samples': 75, 'learning_rate': 0.09744966359309021, 'log_max_bin': 10, 'colsample_bytree': 1.0, 'reg_alpha': 0.002826104794043855, 'reg_lambda': 0.145731823715616, 'FLAML_sample_size': 364083}, 'Best Learner': 'lgbm', 'Best Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 179, 'num_leaves': 27, 'min_child_samples': 75, 'learning_rate': 0.09744966359309021, 'log_max_bin': 10, 'colsample_bytree': 1.0, 'reg_alpha': 0.002826104794043855, 'reg_lambda': 0.145731823715616, 'FLAML_sample_size': 364083}}\n",
      "{'Current Learner': 'lgbm', 'Current Sample': 364083, 'Current Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 180, 'num_leaves': 31, 'min_child_samples': 112, 'learning_rate': 0.14172261747380863, 'log_max_bin': 8, 'colsample_bytree': 0.9882716197099741, 'reg_alpha': 0.004676080321450302, 'reg_lambda': 2.7048628270368136, 'FLAML_sample_size': 364083}, 'Best Learner': 'lgbm', 'Best Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 180, 'num_leaves': 31, 'min_child_samples': 112, 'learning_rate': 0.14172261747380863, 'log_max_bin': 8, 'colsample_bytree': 0.9882716197099741, 'reg_alpha': 0.004676080321450302, 'reg_lambda': 2.7048628270368136, 'FLAML_sample_size': 364083}}\n",
      "{'Current Learner': 'lgbm', 'Current Sample': 364083, 'Current Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 284, 'num_leaves': 24, 'min_child_samples': 57, 'learning_rate': 0.34506374431782616, 'log_max_bin': 8, 'colsample_bytree': 0.9661606582789269, 'reg_alpha': 0.05708594148438563, 'reg_lambda': 3.080643548412343, 'FLAML_sample_size': 364083}, 'Best Learner': 'lgbm', 'Best Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 284, 'num_leaves': 24, 'min_child_samples': 57, 'learning_rate': 0.34506374431782616, 'log_max_bin': 8, 'colsample_bytree': 0.9661606582789269, 'reg_alpha': 0.05708594148438563, 'reg_lambda': 3.080643548412343, 'FLAML_sample_size': 364083}}\n",
      "{'Current Learner': 'lgbm', 'Current Sample': 364083, 'Current Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 150, 'num_leaves': 176, 'min_child_samples': 62, 'learning_rate': 0.2607939951456863, 'log_max_bin': 8, 'colsample_bytree': 1.0, 'reg_alpha': 0.015973158305354472, 'reg_lambda': 1.1581244082992237, 'FLAML_sample_size': 364083}, 'Best Learner': 'lgbm', 'Best Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 150, 'num_leaves': 176, 'min_child_samples': 62, 'learning_rate': 0.2607939951456863, 'log_max_bin': 8, 'colsample_bytree': 1.0, 'reg_alpha': 0.015973158305354472, 'reg_lambda': 1.1581244082992237, 'FLAML_sample_size': 364083}}\n",
      "{'Current Learner': 'lgbm', 'Current Sample': 364083, 'Current Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 100, 'num_leaves': 380, 'min_child_samples': 83, 'learning_rate': 0.1439688182217924, 'log_max_bin': 7, 'colsample_bytree': 0.9365250834556608, 'reg_alpha': 0.07492795084698504, 'reg_lambda': 10.854898771631566, 'FLAML_sample_size': 364083}, 'Best Learner': 'lgbm', 'Best Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 100, 'num_leaves': 380, 'min_child_samples': 83, 'learning_rate': 0.1439688182217924, 'log_max_bin': 7, 'colsample_bytree': 0.9365250834556608, 'reg_alpha': 0.07492795084698504, 'reg_lambda': 10.854898771631566, 'FLAML_sample_size': 364083}}\n",
      "{'Current Learner': 'lgbm', 'Current Sample': 364083, 'Current Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 157, 'num_leaves': 985, 'min_child_samples': 115, 'learning_rate': 0.15986853540486204, 'log_max_bin': 6, 'colsample_bytree': 0.8905312088154893, 'reg_alpha': 0.17376372850615002, 'reg_lambda': 196.8899439847594, 'FLAML_sample_size': 364083}, 'Best Learner': 'lgbm', 'Best Hyper-parameters': {'n_estimators': 157, 'num_leaves': 985, 'min_child_samples': 115, 'learning_rate': 0.15986853540486204, 'log_max_bin': 6, 'colsample_bytree': 0.8905312088154893, 'reg_alpha': 0.17376372850615002, 'reg_lambda': 196.8899439847594, 'FLAML_sample_size': 364083}}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from flaml.data import get_output_from_log\n",
    "time_history, best_valid_loss_history, valid_loss_history, config_history, metric_history = \\\n",
    "    get_output_from_log(filename=settings['log_file_name'], time_budget=240)\n",
    "for config in config_history:\n",
    "    print(config)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 640x480 with 1 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "\n",
    "plt.title('Learning Curve')\n",
    "plt.xlabel('Wall Clock Time (s)')\n",
    "plt.ylabel('Validation Accuracy')\n",
    "plt.scatter(time_history, 1 - np.array(valid_loss_history))\n",
    "plt.step(time_history, 1 - np.array(best_valid_loss_history), where='post')\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 3. Comparison with alternatives\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Default LightGBM"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from lightgbm import LGBMClassifier\n",
    "lgbm = LGBMClassifier()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style>#sk-container-id-2 {color: black;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-2 pre{padding: 0;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-toggleable {background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-2 label.sk-toggleable__label {cursor: pointer;display: block;width: 100%;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0.3em;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-2 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▸\";float: left;margin-right: 0.25em;color: #696969;}#sk-container-id-2 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-estimator:hover label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 0;max-width: 0;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {margin: 0.2em;color: black;border-radius: 0.25em;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-2 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 200px;max-width: 100%;overflow: auto;}#sk-container-id-2 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▾\";}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-2 input.sk-hidden--visually {border: 0;clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height: 1px;margin: -1px;overflow: hidden;padding: 0;position: absolute;width: 1px;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-estimator {font-family: monospace;background-color: #f0f8ff;border: 1px dotted black;border-radius: 0.25em;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-estimator:hover {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item::after {content: \"\";width: 100%;border-bottom: 1px solid gray;flex-grow: 1;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-serial::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: 0;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-serial {display: flex;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;background-color: white;padding-right: 0.2em;padding-left: 0.2em;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-item {position: relative;z-index: 1;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel {display: flex;align-items: stretch;justify-content: center;background-color: white;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-item::before, #sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: -1;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item {display: flex;flex-direction: column;z-index: 1;position: relative;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {align-self: flex-end;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {align-self: flex-start;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {width: 0;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {border: 1px dashed gray;margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;box-sizing: border-box;padding-bottom: 0.4em;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-label label {font-family: monospace;font-weight: bold;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.2em;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-label-container {text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-container {/* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }` but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }` so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override the default hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org. See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */display: inline-block !important;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-2 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {display: none;}</style><div id=\"sk-container-id-2\" class=\"sk-top-container\
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "LGBMClassifier()"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "lgbm.fit(X_train, y_train)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "y_pred_lgbm = lgbm.predict(X_test)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Default XGBoost"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from xgboost import XGBClassifier\n",
    "xgb = XGBClassifier()\n",
    "cat_columns = X_train.select_dtypes(include=['category']).columns\n",
    "X = X_train.copy()\n",
    "X[cat_columns] = X[cat_columns].apply(lambda x: x.cat.codes)\n",
    "y_train_xgb = y_train.astype(\"int\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<style>#sk-container-id-3 {color: black;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-3 pre{padding: 0;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-toggleable {background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-3 label.sk-toggleable__label {cursor: pointer;display: block;width: 100%;margin-bottom: 0;padding: 0.3em;box-sizing: border-box;text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-3 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▸\";float: left;margin-right: 0.25em;color: #696969;}#sk-container-id-3 label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:hover:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-estimator:hover label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {color: black;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 0;max-width: 0;overflow: hidden;text-align: left;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-toggleable__content pre {margin: 0.2em;color: black;border-radius: 0.25em;background-color: #f0f8ff;}#sk-container-id-3 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~div.sk-toggleable__content {max-height: 200px;max-width: 100%;overflow: auto;}#sk-container-id-3 input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label-arrow:before {content: \"▾\";}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-estimator input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-label input.sk-toggleable__control:checked~label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-3 input.sk-hidden--visually {border: 0;clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);height: 1px;margin: -1px;overflow: hidden;padding: 0;position: absolute;width: 1px;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-estimator {font-family: monospace;background-color: #f0f8ff;border: 1px dotted black;border-radius: 0.25em;box-sizing: border-box;margin-bottom: 0.5em;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-estimator:hover {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item::after {content: \"\";width: 100%;border-bottom: 1px solid gray;flex-grow: 1;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-label:hover label.sk-toggleable__label {background-color: #d4ebff;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-serial::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: 0;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-serial {display: flex;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;background-color: white;padding-right: 0.2em;padding-left: 0.2em;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-item {position: relative;z-index: 1;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel {display: flex;align-items: stretch;justify-content: center;background-color: white;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-item::before, #sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item::before {content: \"\";position: absolute;border-left: 1px solid gray;box-sizing: border-box;top: 0;bottom: 0;left: 50%;z-index: -1;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item {display: flex;flex-direction: column;z-index: 1;position: relative;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item:first-child::after {align-self: flex-end;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item:last-child::after {align-self: flex-start;width: 50%;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-parallel-item:only-child::after {width: 0;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-dashed-wrapped {border: 1px dashed gray;margin: 0 0.4em 0.5em 0.4em;box-sizing: border-box;padding-bottom: 0.4em;background-color: white;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-label label {font-family: monospace;font-weight: bold;display: inline-block;line-height: 1.2em;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-label-container {text-align: center;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-container {/* jupyter's `normalize.less` sets `[hidden] { display: none; }` but bootstrap.min.css set `[hidden] { display: none !important; }` so we also need the `!important` here to be able to override the default hidden behavior on the sphinx rendered scikit-learn.org. See: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/issues/21755 */display: inline-block !important;position: relative;}#sk-container-id-3 div.sk-text-repr-fallback {display: none;}</style><div id=\"sk-container-id-3\" class=\"sk-top-container\
       "              colsample_bylevel=None, colsample_bynode=None,\n",
       "              colsample_bytree=None, early_stopping_rounds=None,\n",
       "              enable_categorical=False, eval_metric=None, feature_types=None,\n",
       "              gamma=None, gpu_id=None, grow_policy=None, importance_type=None,\n",
       "              interaction_constraints=None, learning_rate=None, max_bin=None,\n",
       "              max_cat_threshold=None, max_cat_to_onehot=None,\n",
       "              max_delta_step=None, max_depth=None, max_leaves=None,\n",
       "              min_child_weight=None, missing=nan, monotone_constraints=None,\n",
       "              n_estimators=100, n_jobs=None, num_parallel_tree=None,\n",
       "              predictor=None, random_state=None, ...)</pre><b>In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook. <br />On GitHub, the HTML representation is unable to render, please try loading this page with nbviewer.org.</b></div><div class=\"sk-container\" hidden><div class=\"sk-item\"><div class=\"sk-estimator sk-toggleable\"><input class=\"sk-toggleable__control sk-hidden--visually\" id=\"sk-estimator-id-3\" type=\"checkbox\" checked><label for=\"sk-estimator-id-3\" class=\"sk-toggleable__label sk-toggleable__label-arrow\">XGBClassifier</label><div class=\"sk-toggleable__content\"><pre>XGBClassifier(base_score=None, booster=None, callbacks=None,\n",
       "              colsample_bylevel=None, colsample_bynode=None,\n",
       "              colsample_bytree=None, early_stopping_rounds=None,\n",
       "              enable_categorical=False, eval_metric=None, feature_types=None,\n",
       "              gamma=None, gpu_id=None, grow_policy=None, importance_type=None,\n",
       "              interaction_constraints=None, learning_rate=None, max_bin=None,\n",
       "              max_cat_threshold=None, max_cat_to_onehot=None,\n",
       "              max_delta_step=None, max_depth=None, max_leaves=None,\n",
       "              min_child_weight=None, missing=nan, monotone_constraints=None,\n",
       "              n_estimators=100, n_jobs=None, num_parallel_tree=None,\n",
       "              predictor=None, random_state=None, ...)</pre></div></div></div></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "XGBClassifier(base_score=None, booster=None, callbacks=None,\n",
       "              colsample_bylevel=None, colsample_bynode=None,\n",
       "              colsample_bytree=None, early_stopping_rounds=None,\n",
       "              enable_categorical=False, eval_metric=None, feature_types=None,\n",
       "              gamma=None, gpu_id=None, grow_policy=None, importance_type=None,\n",
       "              interaction_constraints=None, learning_rate=None, max_bin=None,\n",
       "              max_cat_threshold=None, max_cat_to_onehot=None,\n",
       "              max_delta_step=None, max_depth=None, max_leaves=None,\n",
       "              min_child_weight=None, missing=nan, monotone_constraints=None,\n",
       "              n_estimators=100, n_jobs=None, num_parallel_tree=None,\n",
       "              predictor=None, random_state=None, ...)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "xgb.fit(X, y_train_xgb)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "X = X_test.copy()\n",
    "X[cat_columns] = X[cat_columns].apply(lambda x: x.cat.codes)\n",
    "y_pred_xgb = xgb.predict(X)\n",
    "y_test_xgb = y_test.astype(\"int\")\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "default xgboost accuracy = 0.6676060098186078\n",
      "default lgbm accuracy = 0.6602346380315323\n",
      "flaml (10 min) accuracy = 0.6732939797991784\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print('default xgboost accuracy', '=', 1 - sklearn_metric_loss_score('accuracy', y_pred_xgb, y_test_xgb))\n",
    "print('default lgbm accuracy', '=', 1 - sklearn_metric_loss_score('accuracy', y_pred_lgbm, y_test))\n",
    "print('flaml (10 min) accuracy', '=', 1 - sklearn_metric_loss_score('accuracy', y_pred, y_test))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "## 4. Customized Learner"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "Some experienced automl users may have a preferred model to tune or may already have a reasonably by-hand-tuned model before launching the automl experiment. They need to select optimal configurations for the customized model mixed with standard built-in learners. \n",
    "\n",
    "FLAML can easily incorporate customized/new learners (preferably with sklearn API) provided by users in a real-time manner, as demonstrated below."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Example of Regularized Greedy Forest\n",
    "\n",
    "[Regularized Greedy Forest](https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.0887) (RGF) is a machine learning method currently not included in FLAML. The RGF has many tuning parameters, the most critical of which are: `[max_leaf, n_iter, n_tree_search, opt_interval, min_samples_leaf]`. To run a customized/new learner, the user needs to provide the following information:\n",
    "* an implementation of the customized/new learner\n",
    "* a list of hyperparameter names and types\n",
    "* rough ranges of hyperparameters (i.e., upper/lower bounds)\n",
    "* choose initial value corresponding to low cost for cost-related hyperparameters (e.g., initial value for max_leaf and n_iter should be small)\n",
    "\n",
    "In this example, the above information for RGF is wrapped in a python class called *MyRegularizedGreedyForest* that exposes the hyperparameters."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable\n",
      "Requirement already satisfied: rgf-python in /home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages (3.12.0)\n",
      "Requirement already satisfied: scikit-learn>=0.18 in /usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from rgf-python) (1.1.3)\n",
      "Requirement already satisfied: joblib in /usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from rgf-python) (1.2.0)\n",
      "Requirement already satisfied: scipy>=1.3.2 in /usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from scikit-learn>=0.18->rgf-python) (1.9.3)\n",
      "Requirement already satisfied: threadpoolctl>=2.0.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from scikit-learn>=0.18->rgf-python) (3.1.0)\n",
      "Requirement already satisfied: numpy>=1.17.3 in /home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages (from scikit-learn>=0.18->rgf-python) (1.23.5)\n",
      "\u001b[33mWARNING: You are using pip version 22.0.4; however, version 23.1.1 is available.\n",
      "You should consider upgrading via the '/usr/local/bin/python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.\u001b[0m\u001b[33m\n",
      "\u001b[0mNote: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%pip install rgf-python"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "''' SKLearnEstimator is the super class for a sklearn learner '''\n",
    "from flaml.model import SKLearnEstimator\n",
    "from flaml import tune\n",
    "from flaml.automl.task.task import CLASSIFICATION\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "class MyRegularizedGreedyForest(SKLearnEstimator):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, task='binary', **config):\n",
    "        '''Constructor\n",
    "        \n",
    "        Args:\n",
    "            task: A string of the task type, one of\n",
    "                'binary', 'multiclass', 'regression'\n",
    "            config: A dictionary containing the hyperparameter names\n",
    "                and 'n_jobs' as keys. n_jobs is the number of parallel threads.\n",
    "        '''\n",
    "\n",
    "        super().__init__(task, **config)\n",
    "\n",
    "        '''task=binary or multi for classification task'''\n",
    "        if task in CLASSIFICATION:\n",
    "            from rgf.sklearn import RGFClassifier\n",
    "\n",
    "            self.estimator_class = RGFClassifier\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            from rgf.sklearn import RGFRegressor\n",
    "            \n",
    "            self.estimator_class = RGFRegressor\n",
    "\n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def search_space(cls, data_size, task):\n",
    "        '''[required method] search space\n",
    "\n",
    "        Returns:\n",
    "            A dictionary of the search space. \n",
    "            Each key is the name of a hyperparameter, and value is a dict with\n",
    "                its domain (required) and low_cost_init_value, init_value,\n",
    "                cat_hp_cost (if applicable).\n",
    "                e.g.,\n",
    "                {'domain': tune.randint(lower=1, upper=10), 'init_value': 1}.\n",
    "        '''\n",
    "        space = {        \n",
    "            'max_leaf': {'domain': tune.lograndint(lower=4, upper=data_size[0]), 'init_value': 4, 'low_cost_init_value': 4},\n",
    "            'n_iter': {'domain': tune.lograndint(lower=1, upper=data_size[0]), 'init_value': 1, 'low_cost_init_value': 1},\n",
    "            'n_tree_search': {'domain': tune.lograndint(lower=1, upper=32768), 'init_value': 1, 'low_cost_init_value': 1},\n",
    "            'opt_interval': {'domain': tune.lograndint(lower=1, upper=10000), 'init_value': 100},\n",
    "            'learning_rate': {'domain': tune.loguniform(lower=0.01, upper=20.0)},\n",
    "            'min_samples_leaf': {'domain': tune.lograndint(lower=1, upper=20), 'init_value': 20},\n",
    "        }\n",
    "        return space\n",
    "\n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def size(cls, config):\n",
    "        '''[optional method] memory size of the estimator in bytes\n",
    "        \n",
    "        Args:\n",
    "            config - the dict of the hyperparameter config\n",
    "\n",
    "        Returns:\n",
    "            A float of the memory size required by the estimator to train the\n",
    "            given config\n",
    "        '''\n",
    "        max_leaves = int(round(config['max_leaf']))\n",
    "        n_estimators = int(round(config['n_iter']))\n",
    "        return (max_leaves * 3 + (max_leaves - 1) * 4 + 1.0) * n_estimators * 8\n",
    "\n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def cost_relative2lgbm(cls):\n",
    "        '''[optional method] relative cost compared to lightgbm\n",
    "        '''\n",
    "        return 1.0\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "### Add Customized Learner and Run FLAML AutoML\n",
    "\n",
    "After adding RGF into the list of learners, we run automl by tuning hyperpameters of RGF as well as the default learners. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "automl = AutoML()\n",
    "automl.add_learner(learner_name='RGF', learner_class=MyRegularizedGreedyForest)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    },
    "tags": []
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:18] {1663} INFO - task = classification\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:18] {1670} INFO - Data split method: stratified\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:18] {1673} INFO - Evaluation method: holdout\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:18] {1771} INFO - Minimizing error metric: 1-accuracy\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:18] {1881} INFO - List of ML learners in AutoML Run: ['RGF', 'lgbm', 'rf', 'xgboost']\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:18] {2191} INFO - iteration 0, current learner RGF\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:19] {2317} INFO - Estimated sufficient time budget=320931s. Estimated necessary time budget=321s.\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:19] {2364} INFO -  at 1.4s,\testimator RGF's best error=0.3840,\tbest estimator RGF's best error=0.3840\n",
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      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:59] {2600} INFO - retrain lgbm for 30.9s\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:59] {2603} INFO - retrained model: LGBMClassifier(colsample_bytree=0.521204713137351,\n",
      "               learning_rate=0.38514327038525437, max_bin=127,\n",
      "               min_child_samples=5, n_estimators=1159, num_leaves=35,\n",
      "               reg_alpha=0.007578110040801311, reg_lambda=0.03255827388036828,\n",
      "               verbose=-1)\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:59] {1911} INFO - fit succeeded\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:59] {1912} INFO - Time taken to find the best model: 10.156839609146118\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "settings = {\n",
    "    \"time_budget\": 10,  # total running time in seconds\n",
    "    \"metric\": 'accuracy', \n",
    "    \"estimator_list\": ['RGF', 'lgbm', 'rf', 'xgboost'],  # list of ML learners\n",
    "    \"task\": 'classification',  # task type    \n",
    "    \"log_file_name\": 'airlines_experiment_custom_learner.log',  # flaml log file \n",
    "    \"log_training_metric\": True,  # whether to log training metric\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "automl.fit(X_train=X_train, y_train=y_train, **settings)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 5. Customized Metric\n",
    "\n",
    "It's also easy to customize the optimization metric. As an example, we demonstrate with a custom metric function which combines training loss and validation loss as the final loss to minimize."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def custom_metric(X_val, y_val, estimator, labels, X_train, y_train,\n",
    "                  weight_val=None, weight_train=None, config=None,\n",
    "                  groups_val=None, groups_train=None):\n",
    "    from sklearn.metrics import log_loss\n",
    "    import time\n",
    "    start = time.time()\n",
    "    y_pred = estimator.predict_proba(X_val)\n",
    "    pred_time = (time.time() - start) / len(X_val)\n",
    "    val_loss = log_loss(y_val, y_pred, labels=labels,\n",
    "                         sample_weight=weight_val)\n",
    "    y_pred = estimator.predict_proba(X_train)\n",
    "    train_loss = log_loss(y_train, y_pred, labels=labels,\n",
    "                          sample_weight=weight_train)\n",
    "    alpha = 0.5\n",
    "    return val_loss * (1 + alpha) - alpha * train_loss, {\n",
    "        \"val_loss\": val_loss, \"train_loss\": train_loss, \"pred_time\": pred_time\n",
    "    }\n",
    "    # two elements are returned:\n",
    "    # the first element is the metric to minimize as a float number,\n",
    "    # the second element is a dictionary of the metrics to log"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can then pass this custom metric function to automl's `fit` method."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:59] {1663} INFO - task = classification\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:59] {1670} INFO - Data split method: stratified\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:59] {1673} INFO - Evaluation method: holdout\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:59] {1771} INFO - Minimizing error metric: customized metric\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:31:59] {1881} INFO - List of ML learners in AutoML Run: ['lgbm', 'rf', 'catboost', 'xgboost', 'extra_tree', 'xgb_limitdepth', 'lrl1']\n",
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      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
     ]
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      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n",
      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n",
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      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
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     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n",
      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n",
      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n",
      "/home/vscode/.local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xgboost/sklearn.py:1395: UserWarning: `use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\"`use_label_encoder` is deprecated in 1.7.0.\")\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:32:09] {2364} INFO -  at 10.1s,\testimator lrl1's best error=0.6817,\tbest estimator lgbm's best error=0.6156\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/sklearn/linear_model/_sag.py:350: ConvergenceWarning: The max_iter was reached which means the coef_ did not converge\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:32:10] {2600} INFO - retrain lgbm for 0.7s\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:32:10] {2603} INFO - retrained model: LGBMClassifier(colsample_bytree=0.9031374907114736,\n",
      "               learning_rate=0.3525398690474661, max_bin=1023,\n",
      "               min_child_samples=4, n_estimators=22, num_leaves=69,\n",
      "               reg_alpha=0.0060777294606297145, reg_lambda=37.65858370595088,\n",
      "               verbose=-1)\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:32:10] {1911} INFO - fit succeeded\n",
      "[flaml.automl.logger: 04-28 02:32:10] {1912} INFO - Time taken to find the best model: 8.02491545677185\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "automl = AutoML()\n",
    "settings = {\n",
    "    \"time_budget\": 10,  # total running time in seconds\n",
    "    \"metric\": custom_metric,  # pass the custom metric funtion here\n",
    "    \"task\": 'classification',  # task type\n",
    "    \"log_file_name\": 'airlines_experiment_custom_metric.log',  # flaml log file\n",
    "}\n",
    "\n",
    "automl.fit(X_train=X_train, y_train=y_train, **settings)"
   ]
  }
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