import abc
import datetime
from typing import Protocol

import pytz


class _NowFunction(Protocol):
    @abc.abstractmethod
    def __call__(self, tz: datetime.timezone | None) -> datetime.datetime:
        pass


# _now_func is a callable with the _NowFunction signature.
# Its sole purpose is to abstract time retrieval, enabling
# developers to mock this behavior in tests and time-dependent scenarios.
_now_func: _NowFunction = datetime.datetime.now


def naive_utc_now() -> datetime.datetime:
    """Return a naive datetime object (without timezone information)
    representing current UTC time.
    """
    return _now_func(datetime.UTC).replace(tzinfo=None)


def ensure_naive_utc(dt: datetime.datetime) -> datetime.datetime:
    """Return the datetime as naive UTC (tzinfo=None).

    If the input is timezone-aware, convert to UTC and drop the tzinfo.
    Assumes naive datetimes are already expressed in UTC.
    """
    if dt.tzinfo is None:
        return dt
    return dt.astimezone(datetime.UTC).replace(tzinfo=None)


def parse_time_range(
    start: str | None, end: str | None, tzname: str
) -> tuple[datetime.datetime | None, datetime.datetime | None]:
    """
    Parse time range strings and convert to UTC datetime objects.
    Handles DST ambiguity and non-existent times gracefully.

    Args:
        start: Start time string (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM)
        end: End time string (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM)
        tzname: Timezone name

    Returns:
        tuple: (start_datetime_utc, end_datetime_utc)

    Raises:
        ValueError: When time range is invalid or start > end
    """
    tz = pytz.timezone(tzname)
    utc = pytz.utc

    def _parse(time_str: str | None, label: str) -> datetime.datetime | None:
        if not time_str:
            return None

        try:
            dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(time_str, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M").replace(second=0)
        except ValueError as e:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid {label} time format: {e}")

        try:
            return tz.localize(dt, is_dst=None).astimezone(utc)
        except pytz.AmbiguousTimeError:
            return tz.localize(dt, is_dst=False).astimezone(utc)
        except pytz.NonExistentTimeError:
            dt += datetime.timedelta(hours=1)
            return tz.localize(dt, is_dst=None).astimezone(utc)

    start_dt = _parse(start, "start")
    end_dt = _parse(end, "end")

    # Range validation
    if start_dt and end_dt and start_dt > end_dt:
        raise ValueError("start must be earlier than or equal to end")

    return start_dt, end_dt