knex/test/unit/query/builder.js

module.exports = function(qb, clientName, aliasName) {

  var Raw = require('../../../lib/raw');

  function verifySqlResult(expectedObj, sqlObj) {
    Object.keys(expectedObj).forEach(function (key) {
      if (typeof expectedObj[key] === 'function') {
        expectedObj[key](sqlObj[key]);
      } else {
        expect(sqlObj[key]).to.deep.equal(expectedObj[key]);
      }
    });
  }

  function testsql(func, res) {
    var sqlRes = func.toSQL();
    var checkValue = res[clientName] || res[aliasName] || res['default'];

    if (!checkValue) {
      throw new Error("Missing test value for name \"" + clientName + "\" or it's alias \"" + aliasName + "\" or for \"default\"");
    }

    if (typeof res === 'function') {
      res(sqlRes);
    } else {
      if (typeof checkValue === 'string') {
        verifySqlResult({
          sql: checkValue
        }, sqlRes);
      } else {
        verifySqlResult(checkValue, sqlRes);
      }
    }
  }

  function testquery(func, res) {
    var queryRes = func.toQuery();
    var checkValue = res[clientName] || res[aliasName] || res['default'];

    if (!checkValue) {
      throw new Error("Missing test value for name \"" + clientName + "\" or it's alias \"" + aliasName + "\" or for \"default\"");
    }

    if (typeof res === 'function') {
      res(queryRes);
    } else {
      expect(queryRes).to.deep.equal(checkValue);
    }
  }

  describe("QueryBuilder " + clientName, function() {
    var raw = function(sql, bindings) { return new Raw(sql, bindings); };

    it("basic select", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users'), {
        mysql: 'select * from `users`',
        default: 'select * from "users"',
      });
    });

    it("adding selects", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('foo').select('bar').select(['baz', 'boom']).from('users'), {
        mysql: 'select `foo`, `bar`, `baz`, `boom` from `users`',
        default: 'select "foo", "bar", "baz", "boom" from "users"'
      });
    });

    it("basic select distinct", function() {
      testsql(qb().distinct().select('foo', 'bar').from('users'), {
        mysql: {sql: 'select distinct `foo`, `bar` from `users`'},
        default: {sql: 'select distinct "foo", "bar" from "users"'}
      });
    });

    it("basic alias", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('foo as bar').from('users'), {
        mysql: 'select `foo` as `bar` from `users`',
        oracle: 'select "foo" "bar" from "users"',
        default: 'select "foo" as "bar" from "users"'
      });
    });

    it("basic alias trims spaces", function() {
      testsql(qb().select(' foo   as bar ').from('users'), {
        mysql: 'select `foo` as `bar` from `users`',
        oracle: 'select "foo" "bar" from "users"',
        default: 'select "foo" as "bar" from "users"'
      });
    });

    it("allows for case-insensitive alias", function() {
      testsql(qb().select(' foo   aS bar ').from('users'), {
        mysql: 'select `foo` as `bar` from `users`',
        oracle: 'select "foo" "bar" from "users"',
        default: 'select "foo" as "bar" from "users"'
      });
    });

    it("basic table wrapping", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('public.users'), {
        mysql: 'select * from `public`.`users`',
        default: 'select * from "public"."users"'
      });
    });

    it("basic wheres", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 1), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` = ?',
          bindings: [1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" = ?',
          bindings: [1]
        }
      });

      testquery(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 1), {
        mysql: 'select * from `users` where `id` = 1',
        postgres: 'select * from "users" where "id" = \'1\'',
        default: 'select * from "users" where "id" = 1'
      });
    });

    it("where betweens", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').whereBetween('id', [1, 2]), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` between ? and ?',
          bindings: [1, 2]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" between ? and ?',
          bindings: [1, 2]
        }
      });
    });

    it("where betweens, alternate", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', 'BeTween', [1, 2]), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` between ? and ?',
          bindings: [1, 2]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" between ? and ?',
          bindings: [1, 2]
        }
      });
    });

    it("where not between", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').whereNotBetween('id', [1, 2]), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` not between ? and ?',
          bindings: [1, 2]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" not between ? and ?',
          bindings: [1, 2]
        }
      });
    });

    it("where not between, alternate", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', 'not between ', [1, 2]), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` not between ? and ?',
          bindings: [1, 2]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" not between ? and ?',
          bindings: [1, 2]
        }
      });
    });

    it("basic or wheres", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 1).orWhere('email', '=', 'foo'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` = ? or `email` = ?',
          bindings: [1, 'foo']
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" = ? or "email" = ?',
          bindings: [1, 'foo']
        }
      });
    });

    it("chained or wheres", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 1).or.where('email', '=', 'foo'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` = ? or `email` = ?',
          bindings: [1, 'foo']
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" = ? or "email" = ?',
          bindings: [1, 'foo']
        }
      });
    });

    it("raw wheres", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where(raw('id = ? or email = ?', [1, 'foo'])), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where id = ? or email = ?',
          bindings: [1, 'foo']
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where id = ? or email = ?',
          bindings: [1, 'foo']
        }
      });
    });

    it("raw or wheres", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 1).orWhere(raw('email = ?', ['foo'])), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` = ? or email = ?',
          bindings: [1, 'foo']
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" = ? or email = ?',
          bindings: [1, 'foo']
        }
      });
    });

    it("chained raw or wheres", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 1).or.where(raw('email = ?', ['foo'])), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` = ? or email = ?',
          bindings: [1, 'foo']
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" = ? or email = ?',
          bindings: [1, 'foo']
        }
      });
    });

    it("basic where ins", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').whereIn('id', [1, 2, 3]), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` in (?, ?, ?)',
          bindings: [1, 2, 3]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" in (?, ?, ?)',
          bindings: [1, 2, 3]
        }
      });
    });

    it("orWhereIn", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 1).orWhereIn('id', [1, 2, 3]), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` = ? or `id` in (?, ?, ?)',
          bindings: [1, 1, 2, 3]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" = ? or "id" in (?, ?, ?)',
          bindings: [1, 1, 2, 3]
        }
      });
    });

    it("basic where not ins", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').whereNotIn('id', [1, 2, 3]), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` not in (?, ?, ?)',
          bindings: [1, 2, 3]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" not in (?, ?, ?)',
          bindings: [1, 2, 3]
        }
      });
    });

    it("chained or where not in", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 1).or.not.whereIn('id', [1, 2, 3]), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` = ? or `id` not in (?, ?, ?)',
          bindings: [1, 1, 2, 3]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" = ? or "id" not in (?, ?, ?)',
          bindings: [1, 1, 2, 3]
        }
      });
    });

    it("or.whereIn", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 1).or.whereIn('id', [4, 2, 3]), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` = ? or `id` in (?, ?, ?)',
          bindings: [1, 4, 2, 3]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" = ? or "id" in (?, ?, ?)',
          bindings: [1, 4, 2, 3]
        }
      });
    });

    it("chained basic where not ins", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').not.whereIn('id', [1, 2, 3]), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` not in (?, ?, ?)',
          bindings: [1, 2, 3]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" not in (?, ?, ?)',
          bindings: [1, 2, 3]
        }
      });
    });

    it("chained or where not in", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 1).or.not.whereIn('id', [1, 2, 3]), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` = ? or `id` not in (?, ?, ?)',
          bindings: [1, 1, 2, 3]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" = ? or "id" not in (?, ?, ?)',
          bindings: [1, 1, 2, 3]
        }
      });
    });

    it('should allow a function as the first argument, for a grouped where clause', function() {
      var partial = qb().table('test').where('id', '=', 1);
      testsql(partial, {
        mysql: 'select * from `test` where `id` = ?',
        default: 'select * from "test" where "id" = ?'
      });

      var subWhere = function (sql) {
        expect(this).to.equal(sql);
        this.where({id: 3}).orWhere('id', 4);
      };

      testsql(partial.where(subWhere), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `test` where `id` = ? and (`id` = ? or `id` = ?)',
          bindings: [1, 3, 4]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "test" where "id" = ? and ("id" = ? or "id" = ?)',
          bindings: [1, 3, 4]
        }
      });
    });

    it('should accept a function as the "value", for a sub select', function() {
      var chain = qb().where('id', '=', function(qb) {
        expect(this).to.equal(qb);
        this.select('account_id').from('names').where('names.id', '>', 1).orWhere(function() {
          this.where('names.first_name', 'like', 'Tim%').andWhere('names.id', '>', 10);
        });
      });

      testsql(chain, {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * where `id` = (select `account_id` from `names` where `names`.`id` > ? or (`names`.`first_name` like ? and `names`.`id` > ?))',
          bindings: [1, 'Tim%', 10]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * where "id" = (select "account_id" from "names" where "names"."id" > ? or ("names"."first_name" like ? and "names"."id" > ?))',
          bindings: [1, 'Tim%', 10]
        }
      });

      testquery(chain, {
        mysql: 'select * where `id` = (select `account_id` from `names` where `names`.`id` > 1 or (`names`.`first_name` like \'Tim%\' and `names`.`id` > 10))',
        postgres: 'select * where "id" = (select "account_id" from "names" where "names"."id" > \'1\' or ("names"."first_name" like \'Tim%\' and "names"."id" > \'10\'))',
        default: 'select * where "id" = (select "account_id" from "names" where "names"."id" > 1 or ("names"."first_name" like \'Tim%\' and "names"."id" > 10))'
      });
    });

    it('should accept a function as the "value", for a sub select when chained', function() {
      var chain = qb().where('id', '=', function(qb) {
        expect(this).to.equal(qb);
        this.select('account_id').from('names').where('names.id', '>', 1).or.where(function() {
          this.where('names.first_name', 'like', 'Tim%').and.where('names.id', '>', 10);
        });
      });

      testsql(chain, {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * where `id` = (select `account_id` from `names` where `names`.`id` > ? or (`names`.`first_name` like ? and `names`.`id` > ?))',
          bindings: [1, 'Tim%', 10]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * where "id" = (select "account_id" from "names" where "names"."id" > ? or ("names"."first_name" like ? and "names"."id" > ?))',
          bindings: [1, 'Tim%', 10]
        }
      });
    });

    it('should not do whereNull on where("foo", "<>", null) #76', function() {
      testquery(qb().where('foo', '<>', null), {
        mysql: 'select * where `foo` <> NULL',
        default: 'select * where "foo" <> NULL'
      });
    });

    it('should expand where("foo", "!=") to - where id = "!="', function() {
      testquery(qb().where('foo', '!='), {
        mysql: 'select * where `foo` = \'!=\'',
        default: 'select * where "foo" = \'!=\''
      });
    });

    it("unions", function() {
      var chain = qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 1).union(function() {
        this.select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 2);
      });
      testsql(chain, {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` = ? union select * from `users` where `id` = ?',
          bindings: [1, 2]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" = ? union select * from "users" where "id" = ?',
          bindings: [1, 2]
        }
      });
    });

    // it("handles grouped mysql unions", function() {
    //   chain = myqb().union(
    //     raw(myqb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 1)).wrap('(', ')'),
    //     raw(myqb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 2)).wrap('(', ')')
    //   ).orderBy('id').limit(10).toSQL();
    //   expect(chain.sql).to.equal('(select * from `users` where `id` = ?) union (select * from `users` where `id` = ?) order by `id` asc limit ?');
    //   expect(chain.bindings).to.eql([1, 2, 10]);
    // });

    it("union alls", function() {
      var chain = qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 1).unionAll(function() {
        this.select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 2);
      });
      testsql(chain, {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` = ? union all select * from `users` where `id` = ?',
          bindings: [1, 2]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" = ? union all select * from "users" where "id" = ?',
          bindings: [1, 2]
        }
      });
    });

    it("multiple unions", function() {
      var chain = qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 1)
        .union(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 2))
        .union(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 3));

      testsql(chain, {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` = ? union select * from `users` where `id` = ? union select * from `users` where `id` = ?',
          bindings: [1, 2, 3]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" = ? union select * from "users" where "id" = ? union select * from "users" where "id" = ?',
          bindings: [1, 2, 3]
        }
      });
    });

    it("multiple union alls", function() {
      var chain = qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 1)
        .unionAll(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 2))
        .unionAll(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 3));

      testsql(chain, {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` = ? union all select * from `users` where `id` = ? union all select * from `users` where `id` = ?',
          bindings: [1, 2, 3]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" = ? union all select * from "users" where "id" = ? union all select * from "users" where "id" = ?',
          bindings: [1, 2, 3]
        }
      });
    });

    it("sub select where ins", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').whereIn('id', function(qb) {
        qb.select('id').from('users').where('age', '>', 25).limit(3);
      }), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` in (select `id` from `users` where `age` > ? limit ?)',
          bindings: [25, 3]
        },
        oracle: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" in (select * from (select "id" from "users" where "age" > ?) where rownum <= ?)',
          bindings: [25, 3]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" in (select "id" from "users" where "age" > ? limit ?)',
          bindings: [25, 3]
        }
      });
    });

    it("sub select where not ins", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').whereNotIn('id', function(qb) {
        qb.select('id').from('users').where('age', '>', 25);
      }), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` not in (select `id` from `users` where `age` > ?)',
          bindings: [25]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" not in (select "id" from "users" where "age" > ?)',
          bindings: [25]
        }
      });
    });

    it("basic where nulls", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').whereNull('id'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` is null',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" is null',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("basic or where nulls", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '=', 1).orWhereNull('id'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` = ? or `id` is null',
          bindings: [1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" = ? or "id" is null',
          bindings: [1]
        }
      });
    });

    it("basic where not nulls", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').whereNotNull('id'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` is not null',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" is not null',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("basic or where not nulls", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', '>', 1).orWhereNotNull('id'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` > ? or `id` is not null',
          bindings: [1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" > ? or "id" is not null',
          bindings: [1]
        }
      });
    });

    it("group bys", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').groupBy('id', 'email'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` group by `id`, `email`',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" group by "id", "email"',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("order bys", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').orderBy('email').orderBy('age', 'desc'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` order by `email` asc, `age` desc',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" order by "email" asc, "age" desc',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("raw group bys", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').groupByRaw('id, email'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` group by id, email',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" group by id, email',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("raw order bys", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').orderBy(raw('col NULLS LAST DESC')), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` order by col NULLS LAST DESC',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" order by col NULLS LAST DESC',
          bindings: []
        }
      });

      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').orderByRaw('col NULLS LAST DESC'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` order by col NULLS LAST DESC',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" order by col NULLS LAST DESC',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("multiple order bys", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').orderBy('email').orderBy('age', 'desc'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` order by `email` asc, `age` desc',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" order by "email" asc, "age" desc',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("havings", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').having('email', '>', 1), {
        mysql: 'select * from `users` having `email` > ?',
        default: 'select * from "users" having "email" > ?'
      });
    });

    it("grouped having", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').groupBy('email').having('email', '>', 1), {
        mysql: 'select * from `users` group by `email` having `email` > ?',
        default: 'select * from "users" group by "email" having "email" > ?'
      });
    });

    it("having from", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('email as foo_email').from('users').having('foo_email', '>', 1), {
        mysql: 'select `email` as `foo_email` from `users` having `foo_email` > ?',
        oracle: 'select "email" "foo_email" from "users" having "foo_email" > ?',
        default: 'select "email" as "foo_email" from "users" having "foo_email" > ?'
      });
    });

    it("raw havings", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').having(raw('user_foo < user_bar')), {
        mysql: 'select * from `users` having user_foo < user_bar',
        default: 'select * from "users" having user_foo < user_bar'
      });
    });

    it("raw or havings", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').having('baz', '=', 1).orHaving(raw('user_foo < user_bar')), {
        mysql: 'select * from `users` having `baz` = ? or user_foo < user_bar',
        default: 'select * from "users" having "baz" = ? or user_foo < user_bar'
      });
    });

    it("limits", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').limit(10), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` limit ?',
          bindings: [10]
        },
        oracle: {
          sql: 'select * from (select * from "users") where rownum <= ?',
          bindings: [10]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" limit ?',
          bindings: [10]
        }
      });
    });

    it("limits and offsets", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').offset(5).limit(10), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` limit ? offset ?',
          bindings: [10, 5]
        },
        oracle: {
          sql: 'select * from (select row_.*, ROWNUM rownum_ from (select * from "users") row_ where rownum <= ?) where rownum_ > ?',
          bindings: [15, 5]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" limit ? offset ?',
          bindings: [10, 5]
        }
      });
    });

    it("first", function() {
      testsql(qb().first('*').from('users'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` limit ?',
          bindings: [1]
        },
        oracle: {
          sql: 'select * from (select * from "users") where rownum <= ?',
          bindings: [1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" limit ?',
          bindings: [1]
        }
      });
    });

    it("offsets only", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').offset(5), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` limit 18446744073709551615 offset ?',
          bindings: [5]
        },
        sqlite3: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" limit ? offset ?',
          bindings: [-1, 5]
        },
        postgres: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" offset ?',
          bindings: [5]
        },
        oracle: {
          sql: 'select * from (select row_.*, ROWNUM rownum_ from (select * from "users") row_ where rownum <= ?) where rownum_ > ?',
          bindings: [10000000000005, 5]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" limit ? offset ?',
          bindings: [10000000000005, 5]
        }
      });
    });

    it("where shortcut", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', 1).orWhere('name', 'foo'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `id` = ? or `name` = ?',
          bindings: [1, 'foo']
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "id" = ? or "name" = ?',
          bindings: [1, 'foo']
        }
      });
    });

    it("nested wheres", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('email', '=', 'foo').orWhere(function(qb) {
        qb.where('name', '=', 'bar').where('age', '=', 25);
      }), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `email` = ? or (`name` = ? and `age` = ?)',
          bindings: ['foo', 'bar', 25]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "email" = ? or ("name" = ? and "age" = ?)',
          bindings: ['foo', 'bar', 25]
        }
      });
    });

    it("full sub selects", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('email', '=', 'foo').orWhere('id', '=', function(qb) {
        qb.select(raw('max(id)')).from('users').where('email', '=', 'bar');
      }), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `email` = ? or `id` = (select max(id) from `users` where `email` = ?)',
          bindings: ['foo', 'bar']
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "email" = ? or "id" = (select max(id) from "users" where "email" = ?)',
          bindings: ['foo', 'bar']
        }
      });
    });

    it("where exists", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('orders').whereExists(function(qb) {
        qb.select('*').from('products').where('products.id', '=', raw('"orders"."id"'));
      }), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `orders` where exists (select * from `products` where `products`.`id` = "orders"."id")',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "orders" where exists (select * from "products" where "products"."id" = "orders"."id")',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("where exists with builder", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('orders').whereExists(qb().select('*').from('products').whereRaw('products.id = orders.id')), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `orders` where exists (select * from `products` where products.id = orders.id)',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "orders" where exists (select * from "products" where products.id = orders.id)',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("where not exists", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('orders').whereNotExists(function(qb) {
        qb.select('*').from('products').where('products.id', '=', raw('"orders"."id"'));
      }), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `orders` where not exists (select * from `products` where `products`.`id` = "orders"."id")',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "orders" where not exists (select * from "products" where "products"."id" = "orders"."id")',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("or where exists", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('orders').where('id', '=', 1).orWhereExists(function(qb) {
        qb.select('*').from('products').where('products.id', '=', raw('"orders"."id"'));
      }), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `orders` where `id` = ? or exists (select * from `products` where `products`.`id` = "orders"."id")',
          bindings: [1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "orders" where "id" = ? or exists (select * from "products" where "products"."id" = "orders"."id")',
          bindings: [1]
        }
      });
    });

    it("or where not exists", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('orders').where('id', '=', 1).orWhereNotExists(function(qb) {
        qb.select('*').from('products').where('products.id', '=', raw('"orders"."id"'));
      }), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `orders` where `id` = ? or not exists (select * from `products` where `products`.`id` = "orders"."id")',
          bindings: [1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "orders" where "id" = ? or not exists (select * from "products" where "products"."id" = "orders"."id")',
          bindings: [1]
        }
      });
    });

    it("basic joins", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').join('contacts', 'users.id', '=', 'contacts.id').leftJoin('photos', 'users.id', '=', 'photos.id'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` inner join `contacts` on `users`.`id` = `contacts`.`id` left join `photos` on `users`.`id` = `photos`.`id`',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" inner join "contacts" on "users"."id" = "contacts"."id" left join "photos" on "users"."id" = "photos"."id"',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("complex join", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').join('contacts', function(qb) {
        qb.on('users.id', '=', 'contacts.id').orOn('users.name', '=', 'contacts.name');
      }), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` inner join `contacts` on `users`.`id` = `contacts`.`id` or `users`.`name` = `contacts`.`name`',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" inner join "contacts" on "users"."id" = "contacts"."id" or "users"."name" = "contacts"."name"',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("raw expressions in select", function() {
      testsql(qb().select(raw('substr(foo, 6)')).from('users'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select substr(foo, 6) from `users`',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select substr(foo, 6) from "users"',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    // it("list methods gets array of column values", function() {
    //   chain = qb().getConnection().shouldReceive('select').once().andReturn(array({foo: 'bar'}, {'foo': 'baz'}));
    //   $builder.getProcessor().shouldReceive('processSelect').once().with($builder, array({foo: 'bar'}, {foo: 'baz'})).andReturnUsing(function($query, $results)
    //   {
    //     return $results;
    //   });
    //   $results = $builder.from('users').where('id', '=', 1).lists('foo');
    //   equal(array('bar', 'baz'), $results);

    // //   chain = qb().getConnection().shouldReceive('select').once().andReturn(array(array('id' => 1, 'foo' => 'bar'), array('id' => 10, 'foo' => 'baz')));
    // //   $builder.getProcessor().shouldReceive('processSelect').once().with($builder, array(array('id' => 1, 'foo' => 'bar'), array('id' => 10, 'foo' => 'baz'))).andReturnUsing(function($query, $results)
    //   {
    //     return $results;
    //   });
    //   $results = $builder.from('users').where('id', '=', 1).lists('foo', 'id');
    // //   equal(array(1 => 'bar', 10 => 'baz'), $results);
    // });

    // it("pluck method returns single column", function() {
    //   chain = qb().getConnection().shouldReceive('select').once().with('select "foo" from "users" where "id" = ? limit 1', [1]).andReturn(array({foo: 'bar'}));
    //   $builder.getProcessor().shouldReceive('processSelect').once().with($builder, array({foo: 'bar'})).andReturn(array({foo: 'bar'}));
    //   $results = $builder.from('users').where('id', '=', 1).pluck('foo');
    //   equal('bar', $results);
    // });

    it("aggregate functions", function() {
      testsql(qb().from('users').count(), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select count(*) from `users`',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select count(*) from "users"',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("aggregate alias", function() {
      testsql(qb().from('users').count('* as all'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select count(*) as `all` from `users`',
          bindings: []
        },
        oracle: {
          sql: 'select count(*) "all" from "users"',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select count(*) as "all" from "users"',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("max", function() {
      testsql(qb().from('users').max('id'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select max(`id`) from `users`',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select max("id") from "users"',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("min", function() {
      testsql(qb().from('users').max('id'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select max(`id`) from `users`',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select max("id") from "users"',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("sum", function() {
      testsql(qb().from('users').sum('id'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select sum(`id`) from `users`',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select sum("id") from "users"',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("insert method", function() {
      testsql(qb().into('users').insert({'email': 'foo'}), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'insert into `users` (`email`) values (?)',
          bindings: ['foo']
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'insert into "users" ("email") values (?)',
          bindings: ['foo']
        }
      });
    });

    it("multiple inserts", function() {
      testsql(qb().from('users').insert([{email: 'foo', name: 'taylor'}, {email: 'bar', name: 'dayle'}]), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'insert into `users` (`email`, `name`) values (?, ?), (?, ?)',
          bindings: ['foo', 'taylor', 'bar', 'dayle']
        },
        sqlite3: {
          sql: 'insert into "users" ("email", "name") select ? as "email", ? as "name" union all select ? as "email", ? as "name"',
          bindings: ['foo', 'taylor', 'bar', 'dayle']
        },
        oracle: {
          sql: 'begin execute immediate \'insert into "users" ("email", "name") values (:1, :2)\' using ?, ?; execute immediate \'insert into "users" ("email", "name") values (:1, :2)\' using ?, ?;end;',
          bindings: ['foo', 'taylor', 'bar', 'dayle']
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'insert into "users" ("email", "name") values (?, ?), (?, ?)',
          bindings: ['foo', 'taylor', 'bar', 'dayle']
        }
      });
    });

    it("multiple inserts with returning", function() {
      // returning only supported directly by postgres and with workaround with oracle
      // other databases implicitly return the inserted id
      testsql(qb().from('users').insert([{email: 'foo', name: 'taylor'}, {email: 'bar', name: 'dayle'}], 'id'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'insert into `users` (`email`, `name`) values (?, ?), (?, ?)',
          bindings: ['foo', 'taylor', 'bar', 'dayle']
        },
        sqlite3: {
          sql: "insert into \"users\" (\"email\", \"name\") select ? as \"email\", ? as \"name\" union all select ? as \"email\", ? as \"name\"",
        },
        postgres: {
          sql: "insert into \"users\" (\"email\", \"name\") values (?, ?), (?, ?) returning \"id\"",
          bindings: ['foo', 'taylor', 'bar', 'dayle']
        },
        oracle: {
          sql: "begin execute immediate 'insert into \"users\" (\"email\", \"name\") values (:1, :2) returning ROWID into :3' using ?, ?, out ?; execute immediate 'insert into \"users\" (\"email\", \"name\") values (:1, :2) returning ROWID into :3' using ?, ?, out ?;end;",
          bindings: function(bindings) {
            expect(bindings.length).to.equal(6);
            expect(bindings[0]).to.equal('foo');
            expect(bindings[1]).to.equal('taylor');
            expect(bindings[2].toString()).to.equal('[object ReturningHelper:id]');
            expect(bindings[3]).to.equal('bar');
            expect(bindings[4]).to.equal('dayle');
            expect(bindings[5].toString()).to.equal('[object ReturningHelper:id]');
          }
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'als',
          bindings: ['foo', 'taylor', 'bar', 'dayle']
        }
      });
    });

    it("multiple inserts with multiple returning", function() {
      testsql(qb().from('users').insert([{email: 'foo', name: 'taylor'}, {email: 'bar', name: 'dayle'}], ['id', 'name']), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'insert into `users` (`email`, `name`) values (?, ?), (?, ?)',
          bindings: ['foo', 'taylor', 'bar', 'dayle']
        },
        sqlite3: {
          sql: "insert into \"users\" (\"email\", \"name\") select ? as \"email\", ? as \"name\" union all select ? as \"email\", ? as \"name\"",
          bindings: ['foo', 'taylor', 'bar', 'dayle']
        },
        postgres: {
          sql: 'insert into "users" ("email", "name") values (?, ?), (?, ?) returning "id", "name"',
          bindings: ['foo', 'taylor', 'bar', 'dayle']
        },
        oracle: {
          sql: "begin execute immediate 'insert into \"users\" (\"email\", \"name\") values (:1, :2) returning ROWID into :3' using ?, ?, out ?; execute immediate 'insert into \"users\" (\"email\", \"name\") values (:1, :2) returning ROWID into :3' using ?, ?, out ?;end;",
          bindings: function (bindings) {
            expect(bindings.length).to.equal(6);
            expect(bindings[0]).to.equal('foo');
            expect(bindings[1]).to.equal('taylor');
            expect(bindings[2].toString()).to.equal('[object ReturningHelper:id:name]');
            expect(bindings[3]).to.equal('bar');
            expect(bindings[4]).to.equal('dayle');
            expect(bindings[5].toString()).to.equal('[object ReturningHelper:id:name]');
          }
        },
        default: {
          sql: '',
        }
      });
    });

    it("insert method respects raw bindings", function() {
      testsql(qb().insert({'email': raw('CURRENT TIMESTAMP')}).into('users'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'insert into `users` (`email`) values (CURRENT TIMESTAMP)',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'insert into "users" ("email") values (CURRENT TIMESTAMP)',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("normalizes for missing keys in insert", function() {
      var data = [{a: 1}, {b: 2}, {a: 2, c: 3}];
      testsql(qb().insert(data).into('table'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'insert into `table` (`a`, `b`, `c`) values (?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?)',
          bindings: [1, undefined, undefined, undefined, 2, undefined, 2, undefined, 3]
        },
        sqlite3: {
          sql: 'insert into "table" ("a", "b", "c") select ? as "a", ? as "b", ? as "c" union all select ? as "a", ? as "b", ? as "c" union all select ? as "a", ? as "b", ? as "c"',
          bindings: [1, undefined, undefined, undefined, 2, undefined, 2, undefined, 3]
        },
        oracle: {
          sql: "begin execute immediate 'insert into \"table\" (\"a\", \"b\", \"c\") values (:1, :2, :3)' using ?, ?, ?; execute immediate 'insert into \"table\" (\"a\", \"b\", \"c\") values (:1, :2, :3)' using ?, ?, ?; execute immediate 'insert into \"table\" (\"a\", \"b\", \"c\") values (:1, :2, :3)' using ?, ?, ?;end;",
          bindings: [1, undefined, undefined, undefined, 2, undefined, 2, undefined, 3]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'insert into "table" ("a", "b", "c") values (?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?)',
          bindings: [1, undefined, undefined, undefined, 2, undefined, 2, undefined, 3]
        }
      });
    });

    it("update method", function() {
      testsql(qb().update({'email': 'foo', 'name': 'bar'}).table('users').where('id', '=', 1), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'update `users` set `email` = ?, `name` = ? where `id` = ?',
          bindings: ['foo', 'bar', 1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'update "users" set "email" = ?, "name" = ? where "id" = ?',
          bindings: ['foo', 'bar', 1]
        }
      });
    });

    it("should allow for 'null' updates", function() {
      testsql(qb().update({email: null, 'name': 'bar'}).table('users').where('id', 1), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'update `users` set `email` = ?, `name` = ? where `id` = ?',
          bindings: [null, 'bar', 1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'update "users" set "email" = ?, "name" = ? where "id" = ?',
          bindings: [null, 'bar', 1]
        }
      });
    });

    it("order by, limit", function() {
      // update with limit works only with mysql and derrivates
      testsql(qb().from('users').where('id', '=', 1).orderBy('foo', 'desc').limit(5).update({email: 'foo', name: 'bar'}), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'update `users` set `email` = ?, `name` = ? where `id` = ? order by `foo` desc limit ?',
          bindings: ['foo', 'bar', 1, 5]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'update "users" set "email" = ?, "name" = ? where "id" = ?',
          bindings: ['foo', 'bar', 1]
        }
      });
    });

    it("update method with joins mysql", function() {
      testsql(qb().from('users').join('orders', 'users.id', 'orders.user_id').where('users.id', '=', 1).update({'email': 'foo', 'name': 'bar'}), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'update `users` inner join `orders` on `users`.`id` = `orders`.`user_id` set `email` = ?, `name` = ? where `users`.`id` = ?',
          bindings: ['foo', 'bar', 1]
        },
        sqlite3: { // TODO: This is wrong
          sql: 'update "users" inner join "orders" on "users"."id" = "orders"."user_id" set "email" = ?, "name" = ? where "users"."id" = ?',
          bindings: ['foo', 'bar', 1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: "update \"users\" set \"email\" = ?, \"name\" = ? where \"users\".\"id\" = ?",
          bindings: ['foo', 'bar', 1]
        },
      });
    });

    it("update method with limit mysql", function() {
      // limit works only with mysql or derrivates
      testsql(qb().from('users').where('users.id', '=', 1).update({'email': 'foo', 'name': 'bar'}).limit(1), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'update `users` set `email` = ?, `name` = ? where `users`.`id` = ? limit ?',
          bindings: ['foo', 'bar', 1, 1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'update "users" set "email" = ?, "name" = ? where "users"."id" = ?',
          bindings: ['foo', 'bar', 1]
        }
      });
    });

    it("update method without joins on postgres", function() {
      testsql(qb().from('users').where('id', '=', 1).update({email: 'foo', name: 'bar'}), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'update `users` set `email` = ?, `name` = ? where `id` = ?',
          bindings: ['foo', 'bar', 1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'update "users" set "email" = ?, "name" = ? where "id" = ?',
          bindings: ['foo', 'bar', 1]
        }
      });
    });

    // TODO:
    // it("update method with joins on postgres", function() {
    //   chain = qb().from('users').join('orders', 'users.id', '=', 'orders.user_id').where('users.id', '=', 1).update({email: 'foo', name: 'bar'}).toSQL();
    //   expect(chain.sql).to.equal('update "users" set "email" = ?, "name" = ? from "orders" where "users"."id" = ? and "users"."id" = "orders"."user_id"');
    //   expect(chain.sql).to.eql(['foo', 'bar', 1]);
    // });

    it("update method respects raw", function() {
      testsql(qb().from('users').where('id', '=', 1).update({email: raw('foo'), name: 'bar'}), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'update `users` set `email` = foo, `name` = ? where `id` = ?',
          bindings: ['bar', 1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'update "users" set "email" = foo, "name" = ? where "id" = ?',
          bindings: ['bar', 1]
        }
      });
    });

    it("delete method", function() {
      testsql(qb().from('users').where('email', '=', 'foo').delete(), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'delete from `users` where `email` = ?',
          bindings: ['foo']
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'delete from "users" where "email" = ?',
          bindings: ['foo']
        }
      });
    });

    it("truncate method", function() {
      testsql(qb().table('users').truncate(), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'truncate `users`',
          bindings: []
        },
        sqlite3: {
          sql: 'delete from sqlite_sequence where name = "users"',
          bindings: [],
          output: function (output) {
            expect(typeof output).to.equal('function');
          }
        },
        postgres: {
          sql: 'truncate "users" restart identity',
          bindings: []
        },
        oracle: {
          sql: 'truncate table "users"',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: '',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it("insert get id", function() {
      testsql(qb().from('users').insert({email: 'foo'}, 'id'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'insert into `users` (`email`) values (?)',
          bindings: ['foo']
        },
        postgres: {
          sql: 'insert into "users" ("email") values (?) returning "id"',
          bindings: ['foo']
        },
        oracle: {
          sql: 'insert into "users" ("email") values (?) returning ROWID into ?',
          bindings: function (bindings) {
            expect(bindings.length).to.equal(2);
            expect(bindings[0]).to.equal('foo');
            expect(bindings[1].toString()).to.equal('[object ReturningHelper:id]');
          }
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'insert into "users" ("email") values (?)',
          bindings: ['foo']
        }
      });
    });

    it("wrapping", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users'), {
        mysql: 'select * from `users`',
        default: 'select * from "users"'
      });
    });

    it("order by desc", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').orderBy('email', 'desc'), {
        mysql: 'select * from `users` order by `email` desc',
        default: 'select * from "users" order by "email" desc'
      });
    });

    // it("sql server limits and offsets", function() {
    //   $builder = $this.getSqlServerBuilder();
    //   $builder.select('*').from('users').limit(10).toSQL();
    //   expect(chain.sql).to.equal('select top 10 * from [users]');

    //   $builder = $this.getSqlServerBuilder();
    //   $builder.select('*').from('users').offset(10).toSQL();
    //   expect(chain.sql).to.equal('select * from (select *, row_number() over (order by (select 0)) as row_num from [users]) as temp_table where row_num >= 11');

    //   $builder = $this.getSqlServerBuilder();
    //   $builder.select('*').from('users').offset(10).limit(10).toSQL();
    //   expect(chain.sql).to.equal('select * from (select *, row_number() over (order by (select 0)) as row_num from [users]) as temp_table where row_num between 11 and 20');

    //   $builder = $this.getSqlServerBuilder();
    //   $builder.select('*').from('users').offset(10).limit(10).orderBy('email', 'desc').toSQL();
    //   expect(chain.sql).to.equal('select * from (select *, row_number() over (order by [email] desc) as row_num from [users]) as temp_table where row_num between 11 and 20');
    // });

    it("providing null or false as second parameter builds correctly", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('foo', null), {
        mysql: 'select * from `users` where `foo` is null',
        default: 'select * from "users" where "foo" is null'
      });
    });

    it("lock for update", function (){
      testsql(qb().transacting({}).select('*').from('foo').where('bar', '=', 'baz').forUpdate(), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `foo` where `bar` = ? for update',
          bindings: ['baz']
        },
        postgres: {
          sql: 'select * from "foo" where "bar" = ? for update',
          bindings: ['baz']
        },
        oracle: {
          sql: 'select * from "foo" where "bar" = ? for update',
          bindings: ['baz']
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "foo" where "bar" = ?',
          bindings: ['baz']
        }
      });
    });

    it("lock in share mode", function() {
      testsql(qb().transacting({}).select('*').from('foo').where('bar', '=', 'baz').forShare(), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `foo` where `bar` = ? lock in share mode',
          bindings: ['baz']
        },
        postgres: {
          sql: "select * from \"foo\" where \"bar\" = ? for share",
          bindings: ['baz']
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "foo" where "bar" = ?',
          bindings: ['baz']
        }
      });
    });

    it("should warn when trying to use forUpdate outside of a transaction", function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('foo').where('bar', '=', 'baz').forUpdate(), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `foo` where `bar` = ?',
          bindings: ['baz']
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "foo" where "bar" = ?',
          bindings: ['baz']
        }
      });
    });

    // it("SQLServer lock", function() {
    //   $builder = $this.getSqlServerBuilder();
    //   $builder.select('*').from('foo').where('bar', '=', 'baz').lock().toSQL();
    //   expect(chain.sql).to.equal('select * from [foo] with(rowlock,updlock,holdlock) where [bar] = ?');
    //   expect(chain.bindings).to.eql(array('baz'));

    //   $builder = $this.getSqlServerBuilder();
    //   $builder.select('*').from('foo').where('bar', '=', 'baz').lock(false).toSQL();
    //   expect(chain.sql).to.equal('select * from [foo] with(rowlock,holdlock) where [bar] = ?');
    //   expect(chain.bindings).to.eql(array('baz'));
    // });

    it('allows insert values of sub-select, #121', function() {
      testsql(qb().table('entries').insert({
        secret: 123,
        sequence: raw(qb().count('*').from('entries').where('secret', 123)).wrap('(',')')
      }), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'insert into `entries` (`secret`, `sequence`) values (?, (select count(*) from `entries` where `secret` = ?))',
          bindings: [123, 123]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'insert into "entries" ("secret", "sequence") values (?, (select count(*) from "entries" where "secret" = ?))',
          bindings: [123, 123]
        }
      });
    });

    it('allows left outer join with raw values', function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('student').leftOuterJoin('student_languages', function() {
        this.on('student.id', 'student_languages.student_id').andOn('student_languages.code', raw('?', 'en_US'));
      }), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `student` left outer join `student_languages` on `student`.`id` = `student_languages`.`student_id` and `student_languages`.`code` = ?',
          bindings: ['en_US']
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "student" left outer join "student_languages" on "student"."id" = "student_languages"."student_id" and "student_languages"."code" = ?',
          bindings: ['en_US']
        }
      });
    });

    it('should not break with null call #182', function() {
      testsql(qb().from('test').limit(null).offset(null), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `test`',
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "test"',
          bindings: []
        }
      });
    });

    it('allows passing builder into where clause, #162', function() {
      var chain = qb().from('chapter').select('id').where('book', 1);
      var page = qb().from('page').select('id').whereIn('chapter_id', chain);
      var word = qb().from('word').select('id').whereIn('page_id', page);
      var three = chain.clone().del();
      var two = page.clone().del();
      var one = word.clone().del();

      testsql(one, {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'delete from `word` where `page_id` in (select `id` from `page` where `chapter_id` in (select `id` from `chapter` where `book` = ?))',
          bindings: [1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'delete from "word" where "page_id" in (select "id" from "page" where "chapter_id" in (select "id" from "chapter" where "book" = ?))',
          bindings: [1]
        }
      });

      testsql(two, {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'delete from `page` where `chapter_id` in (select `id` from `chapter` where `book` = ?)',
          bindings: [1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'delete from "page" where "chapter_id" in (select "id" from "chapter" where "book" = ?)',
          bindings: [1]
        }
      });

      testsql(three, {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'delete from `chapter` where `book` = ?',
          bindings: [1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'delete from "chapter" where "book" = ?',
          bindings: [1]
        }
      });
    });

    it('allows specifying the columns and the query for insert, #211', function() {
      if (clientName === 'sqlite3') {
        // TODO: THIS IS NOT WORKING
        console.log("This tests fails with SQLite3");
        return;
      }
      var id = 1;
      var email = 'foo@bar.com';
      testsql(qb().into(raw('recipients (recipient_id, email)')).insert(
        qb().select(raw('?, ?', [id, email])).whereNotExists(function() {
          this.select(1).from('recipients').where('recipient_id', id);
        })), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'insert into recipients (recipient_id, email) select ?, ? where not exists (select 1 from `recipients` where `recipient_id` = ?)',
          bindings: [1, 'foo@bar.com', 1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'insert into recipients (recipient_id, email) select ?, ? where not exists (select 1 from "recipients" where "recipient_id" = ?)',
          bindings: [1, 'foo@bar.com', 1]
        }
      });
    });

    it('does an update with join, #191', function() {
      var setObj = {'tblPerson.City': 'Boonesville'};
      var query = qb().table('tblPerson').update(setObj)
        .join('tblPersonData', 'tblPersonData.PersonId', '=', 'tblPerson.PersonId')
        .where('tblPersonData.DataId', 1)
        .where('tblPerson.PersonId', 5 );

      testsql(query, {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'update `tblPerson` inner join `tblPersonData` on `tblPersonData`.`PersonId` = `tblPerson`.`PersonId` set `tblPerson`.`City` = ? where `tblPersonData`.`DataId` = ? and `tblPerson`.`PersonId` = ?',
          bindings: ['Boonesville', 1, 5]
        },
        sqlite3: {
          // TODO: THIS IS NOT WORKING
          sql: 'update "tblPerson" inner join "tblPersonData" on "tblPersonData"."PersonId" = "tblPerson"."PersonId" set "tblPerson"."City" = ? where "tblPersonData"."DataId" = ? and "tblPerson"."PersonId" = ?',
          bindings: ['Boonesville', 1, 5]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'update "tblPerson" set "tblPerson"."City" = ? where "tblPersonData"."DataId" = ? and "tblPerson"."PersonId" = ?',
          bindings: ['Boonesville', 1, 5]
        }
      });
    });

    it('does crazy advanced inserts with clever raw use, #211', function() {
      if (clientName === 'sqlite3') {
        // TODO: THIS IS NOT WORKING
        console.log("This tests fails with SQLite3");
        return;
      }
      var q1 = qb().select(raw("'user'"), raw("'user@foo.com'")).whereNotExists(function() {
        this.select(1).from('recipients').where('recipient_id', 1);
      }).toSQL();
      var q2 = qb().table('recipients').insert(raw('(recipient_id, email) ' + q1.sql, q1.bindings));

      testsql(q2, {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'insert into `recipients` (recipient_id, email) select \'user\', \'user@foo.com\' where not exists (select 1 from `recipients` where `recipient_id` = ?)',
          bindings: [1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'insert into "recipients" (recipient_id, email) select \'user\', \'user@foo.com\' where not exists (select 1 from "recipients" where "recipient_id" = ?)',
          bindings: [1]
        }
      });
    });

    it('supports capitalized operators', function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('users').where('name', 'LIKE', '%test%'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `users` where `name` LIKE ?',
          bindings: ['%test%']
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "users" where "name" LIKE ?',
          bindings: ['%test%']
        }
      });
    });

    it('throws if you try to use an invalid operator', function() {
      var err;
      try {
        qb().select('*').where('id', 'isnt', 1).toString();
      } catch (e) {
        err = e.message;
      }
      expect(err).to.equal("The operator \"isnt\" is not permitted");
    });

    it('throws if you try to use an invalid operator in an inserted statement', function() {
      var err, obj = qb().select('*').where('id', 'isnt', 1);
      try {
        qb().select('*').from('users').where('id', 'in', obj).toString();
      } catch (e) {
        err = e.message;
      }
      expect(err).to.equal("The operator \"isnt\" is not permitted");
    });

    it("#287 - wraps correctly for arrays", function() {
      // arrays only work for postgres
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('value').join('table', 'table.array_column[1]', '=', raw('?', 1)), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `value` inner join `table` on `table`.`array_column[1]` = ?',
          bindings: [1]
        },
        postgres: {
          sql: 'select * from "value" inner join "table" on "table"."array_column"[1] = ?',
          bindings: [1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "value" inner join "table" on "table"."array_column[1]" = ?',
          bindings: [1]
        }

      });
    });

    it('allows wrap on raw to wrap in parens and alias', function() {
      testsql(qb().select(
        'e.lastname',
        'e.salary',
        raw(
          qb().select('avg(salary)').from('employee').whereRaw('dept_no = e.dept_no')
        ).wrap('(', ') avg_sal_dept')
      ).from('employee as e')
      .where('dept_no', '=', 'e.dept_no'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select `e`.`lastname`, `e`.`salary`, (select `avg(salary)` from `employee` where dept_no = e.dept_no) avg_sal_dept from `employee` as `e` where `dept_no` = ?',
          bindings: ['e.dept_no']
        },
        oracle: {
          sql: 'select "e"."lastname", "e"."salary", (select "avg(salary)" from "employee" where dept_no = e.dept_no) avg_sal_dept from "employee" "e" where "dept_no" = ?',
          bindings: ['e.dept_no']
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select "e"."lastname", "e"."salary", (select "avg(salary)" from "employee" where dept_no = e.dept_no) avg_sal_dept from "employee" as "e" where "dept_no" = ?',
          bindings: ['e.dept_no']
        }
      });
    });

    it('allows select as syntax', function() {
      testsql(qb().select(
        'e.lastname',
        'e.salary',
        qb().select('avg(salary)').from('employee').whereRaw('dept_no = e.dept_no').as('avg_sal_dept')
      ).from('employee as e')
      .where('dept_no', '=', 'e.dept_no'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select `e`.`lastname`, `e`.`salary`, (select `avg(salary)` from `employee` where dept_no = e.dept_no) as `avg_sal_dept` from `employee` as `e` where `dept_no` = ?',
          bindings: ["e.dept_no"]
        },
        oracle: {
          // TODO: Check if possible
          sql: 'select "e"."lastname", "e"."salary", (select "avg(salary)" from "employee" where dept_no = e.dept_no) "avg_sal_dept" from "employee" "e" where "dept_no" = ?',
          bindings: ["e.dept_no"]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select "e"."lastname", "e"."salary", (select "avg(salary)" from "employee" where dept_no = e.dept_no) as "avg_sal_dept" from "employee" as "e" where "dept_no" = ?',
          bindings: ["e.dept_no"]
        }
      });
    });

    it('allows function for subselect column', function() {
      testsql(qb().select(
        'e.lastname',
        'e.salary'
      ).select(function() {
        this.select('avg(salary)').from('employee').whereRaw('dept_no = e.dept_no').as('avg_sal_dept');
      }).from('employee as e')
      .where('dept_no', '=', 'e.dept_no'), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select `e`.`lastname`, `e`.`salary`, (select `avg(salary)` from `employee` where dept_no = e.dept_no) as `avg_sal_dept` from `employee` as `e` where `dept_no` = ?',
          bindings: ["e.dept_no"]
        },
        oracle: {
          // TODO: Check if possible
          sql: 'select "e"."lastname", "e"."salary", (select "avg(salary)" from "employee" where dept_no = e.dept_no) "avg_sal_dept" from "employee" "e" where "dept_no" = ?',
          bindings: ["e.dept_no"]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select "e"."lastname", "e"."salary", (select "avg(salary)" from "employee" where dept_no = e.dept_no) as "avg_sal_dept" from "employee" as "e" where "dept_no" = ?',
          bindings: ["e.dept_no"]
        }
      });
    });

    it('supports arbitrarily nested raws', function() {
      var chain = qb().select('*').from('places')
        .where(raw('ST_DWithin((places.address).xy, ?, ?) AND ST_Distance((places.address).xy, ?) > ? AND ?', [
          raw('ST_SetSRID(?,?)', [
            raw('ST_MakePoint(?,?)', [-10,10]),
            4326
          ]),
          100000,
          raw('ST_SetSRID(?,?)', [
            raw('ST_MakePoint(?,?)', [-5,5]),
            4326
          ]),
          50000,
          raw('places.id IN ?', [ [1,2,3] ])
        ]));

      testsql(chain, {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `places` where ST_DWithin((places.address).xy, ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(?,?),?), ?) AND ST_Distance((places.address).xy, ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(?,?),?)) > ? AND places.id IN ?',
          bindings: [-10, 10, 4326, 100000, -5, 5, 4326, 50000, [1,2,3] ]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "places" where ST_DWithin((places.address).xy, ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(?,?),?), ?) AND ST_Distance((places.address).xy, ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(?,?),?)) > ? AND places.id IN ?',
          bindings: [-10, 10, 4326, 100000, -5, 5, 4326, 50000, [1,2,3] ]
        }
      });
    });

    it('has joinRaw for arbitrary join clauses', function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('accounts').joinRaw('natural full join table1').where('id', 1), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `accounts` natural full join table1 where `id` = ?',
          bindings: [1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "accounts" natural full join table1 where "id" = ?',
          bindings: [1]
        }
      });
    });

    it('accepts a knex.raw for arbitrary join clauses', function() {
      testsql(qb().select('*').from('accounts').join(raw('natural full join table1')).where('id', 1), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'select * from `accounts` natural full join table1 where `id` = ?',
          bindings: [1]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'select * from "accounts" natural full join table1 where "id" = ?',
          bindings: [1]
        }
      });
    });

    it('allows sub-query function on insert, #427', function() {
      testsql(qb().into('votes').insert(function() {
        this.select('*').from('votes').where('id', 99);
      }), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'insert into `votes` select * from `votes` where `id` = ?',
          bindings: [99]
        },
        sqlite3: {
          // TODO: THIS IS MAYBE WRONG
          sql: "insert into \"votes\" default values",
          bindings: []
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'insert into "votes" select * from "votes" where "id" = ?',
          bindings: [99]
        }
      });
    });

    it('allows sub-query chain on insert, #427', function() {
      if (clientName === 'sqlite3') {
        // TODO: THIS IS NOT WORKING
        console.log("This tests fails with SQLite3");
        return;
      }

      testsql(qb().into('votes').insert(qb().select('*').from('votes').where('id', 99)), {
        mysql: {
          sql: 'insert into `votes` select * from `votes` where `id` = ?',
          bindings: [99]
        },
        oracle: {
          sql: 'insert into "votes" select * from "votes" where "id" = ?',
          bindings: [99]
        },
        default: {
          sql: 'insert into "votes" select * from "votes" where "id" = ?',
          bindings: [99]
        }
      });
    });

  });

};