knex/test/integration/query/trigger-inserts.js

'use strict';

const _ = require('lodash');
const { expect } = require('chai');
const { TEST_TIMESTAMP } = require('../../util/constants');
const { isMssql, isRedshift, isPostgreSQL, isSQLite, isOracle, isMysql } = require('../../util/db-helpers');

module.exports = function (knex) {
  describe('Insert with Triggers', function () {
    // Trigger options
    const insertTriggerOptions = { includeTriggerModifications: true };

    before(function () {
      if (!isMssql(knex)) {
        this.skip('This test is MSSQL only');
      }
    });

    describe('Trigger Specific Tests', function () {
      // Reused variables
      // Table Names
      const primaryTable = 'test_return_with_trigger_primary';
      const secondaryTable = 'test_return_with_trigger_secondary';

      // Foreign Key Column Names
      const primaryLink = 'foreign_id';
      const secondaryLink = 'looping_id';

      // Trigger Name
      const triggerName = 'tr_test_insert_with_trigger';

      // Create proper environment for tests
      before(async function () {
        if (!isMssql(knex)) {
          this.skip('This test is MSSQL only');
        }

        await knex.schema.hasTable('users').then(async function (exists) {
          if (exists) {
            await knex.schema.dropTable(primaryTable);
            await knex.schema.dropTable(secondaryTable);
          }

          // Create tables
          await knex.schema.createTable(primaryTable, function (table) {
            table.increments().primary();
            table.string('data').defaultsTo('');
            table.integer(primaryLink).nullable();
          });

          await knex.schema.createTable(secondaryTable, function (table) {
            table.increments().primary();
            table.string('data').defaultsTo('');
            table.integer(secondaryLink).nullable();
          });

          await knex.raw(`
                    CREATE TRIGGER [${triggerName}] ON [${secondaryTable}]
                    AFTER INSERT
                    AS
                    BEGIN
                        SET NOCOUNT ON;

                        BEGIN
                            update pt
                            set pt.${primaryLink} = i.id
                            from Inserted as i
                            inner join ${primaryTable} as pt
                                on pt.id = i.${secondaryLink}
                        END
                    END
                `);
        });
      });

      // Clean-up test specific tables
      after(async function () {
        if (!isMssql(knex)) {
          return;
        }

        // Drop table (Trigger is removed with table)
        await knex.schema.dropTable(primaryTable);
        await knex.schema.dropTable(secondaryTable);
      });

      // Reset tables for each test
      beforeEach(async function () {
        // "Truncate" tables instead of recreate for each test for speed gains
        await knex.raw(`
                delete from ${primaryTable} dbcc checkident('${primaryTable}', reseed, 0);
                delete from ${secondaryTable} dbcc checkident('${secondaryTable}', reseed, 0);
            `);
      });

      it('#4152 Should allow returns with inserts on tables with triggers', async function () {
        let reachedEnd = false;

        await knex.transaction(async function () {
          let insertResults;

          async function insertWithReturn() {
            const insertPrimary = {
              data: 'Testing Data',
            };

            const insertSecondary = {
              data: 'Test Linking',
            };

            const primaryId = await knex(primaryTable).insert(
              [insertPrimary],
              ['id'],
              insertTriggerOptions
            );
            insertSecondary[secondaryLink] = primaryId[0];

            // Test retrieve with trigger
            insertResults = (
              await knex(secondaryTable).insert(
                [insertSecondary],
                ['id'],
                insertTriggerOptions
              )
            )[0];
          }

          await insertWithReturn();

          expect(Number.parseInt(insertResults)).to.be.finite;

          reachedEnd = true;
        });

        expect(reachedEnd).to.be.true;
      });

      it('#4152 Should allow returns with inserts on tables with triggers using returning function', async function () {
        let reachedEnd = false;

        await knex.transaction(async function () {
          let insertResults;

          async function insertWithReturn() {
            const insertPrimary = {
              data: 'Testing Data',
            };

            const insertSecondary = {
              data: 'Test Linking',
            };

            const primaryId = await knex(primaryTable)
              .returning(['id'], insertTriggerOptions)
              .insert([insertPrimary]);
            insertSecondary[secondaryLink] = primaryId[0];

            // Test retrieve with trigger
            insertResults = (
              await knex(secondaryTable)
                .returning(['id'], insertTriggerOptions)
                .insert([insertSecondary])
            )[0];
          }

          await insertWithReturn();

          expect(Number.parseInt(insertResults)).to.be.finite;

          reachedEnd = true;
        });

        expect(reachedEnd).to.be.true;
      });
    });

    describe('Re-test all Insert Functions with trigger option and returns', function () {
      before(async function () {
        if (!isMssql(knex)) {
          this.skip('This test is MSSQL only');
        }

        // Reset all table data to original stats of original tests
        await knex('accounts').truncate();
        await knex('test_table_two').truncate();
      });

      it('should handle simple inserts', function () {
        return knex('accounts')
          .insert(
            {
              first_name: 'Test',
              last_name: 'User',
              email: 'test@example.com',
              logins: 1,
              about: 'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
              created_at: TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              updated_at: TEST_TIMESTAMP,
            },
            'id',
            insertTriggerOptions
          )
          .testSql(function (tester) {
            tester(
              'mysql',
              'insert into `accounts` (`about`, `created_at`, `email`, `first_name`, `last_name`, `logins`, `updated_at`) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                1,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              [1]
            );
            tester(
              'pg',
              'insert into "accounts" ("about", "created_at", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "logins", "updated_at") values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) returning "id"',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                1,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              ['1']
            );
            tester(
              'pg-redshift',
              'insert into "accounts" ("about", "created_at", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "logins", "updated_at") values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                1,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              1
            );
            tester(
              'sqlite3',
              'insert into `accounts` (`about`, `created_at`, `email`, `first_name`, `last_name`, `logins`, `updated_at`) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                1,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              [1]
            );
            tester(
              'oracledb',
              'insert into "accounts" ("about", "created_at", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "logins", "updated_at") values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) returning "id" into ?',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                1,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                function (v) {
                  return v.toString() === '[object ReturningHelper:id]';
                },
              ],
              ['1']
            );
            tester(
              'mssql',
              'select top(0) [t].[id] into #out from [accounts] as t left join [accounts] on 0=1;insert into [accounts] ([about], [created_at], [email], [first_name], [last_name], [logins], [updated_at]) output inserted.[id] into #out values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?); select [id] from #out; drop table #out;',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                1,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              ['1']
            );
          });
      });

      it('should handle multi inserts', function () {
        return knex('accounts')
          .insert(
            [
              {
                first_name: 'Test',
                last_name: 'User',
                email: 'test2@example.com',
                logins: 1,
                about: 'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                created_at: TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                updated_at: TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              },
              {
                first_name: 'Test',
                last_name: 'User',
                email: 'test3@example.com',
                about: 'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                logins: 2,
                created_at: TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                updated_at: TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              },
            ],
            'id',
            insertTriggerOptions
          )
          .testSql(function (tester) {
            tester(
              'mysql',
              'insert into `accounts` (`about`, `created_at`, `email`, `first_name`, `last_name`, `logins`, `updated_at`) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test2@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                1,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test3@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              [2]
            );
            tester(
              'pg',
              'insert into "accounts" ("about", "created_at", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "logins", "updated_at") values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) returning "id"',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test2@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                1,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test3@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              ['2', '3']
            );
            tester(
              'pg-redshift',
              'insert into "accounts" ("about", "created_at", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "logins", "updated_at") values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test2@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                1,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test3@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              2
            );
            tester(
              'sqlite3',
              'insert into `accounts` (`about`, `created_at`, `email`, `first_name`, `last_name`, `logins`, `updated_at`) select ? as `about`, ? as `created_at`, ? as `email`, ? as `first_name`, ? as `last_name`, ? as `logins`, ? as `updated_at` union all select ? as `about`, ? as `created_at`, ? as `email`, ? as `first_name`, ? as `last_name`, ? as `logins`, ? as `updated_at`',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test2@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                1,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test3@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              [3]
            );
            tester(
              'oracledb',
              'begin execute immediate \'insert into "accounts" ("about", "created_at", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "logins", "updated_at") values (:1, :2, :3, :4, :5, :6, :7) returning "id" into :8\' using ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, out ?; execute immediate \'insert into "accounts" ("about", "created_at", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "logins", "updated_at") values (:1, :2, :3, :4, :5, :6, :7) returning "id" into :8\' using ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, out ?;end;',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test2@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                1,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                function (v) {
                  return v.toString() === '[object ReturningHelper:id]';
                },
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test3@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                function (v) {
                  return v.toString() === '[object ReturningHelper:id]';
                },
              ],
              ['2', '3']
            );
            tester(
              'mssql',
              'select top(0) [t].[id] into #out from [accounts] as t left join [accounts] on 0=1;insert into [accounts] ([about], [created_at], [email], [first_name], [last_name], [logins], [updated_at]) output inserted.[id] into #out values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?); select [id] from #out; drop table #out;',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test2@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                1,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test3@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              ['2', '3']
            );
          });
      });

      it('should allow for using the `asCallback` interface', function (ok) {
        knex('test_table_two')
          .insert(
            [
              {
                account_id: 1,
                details:
                  'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                status: 0,
              },
              {
                account_id: 2,
                details:
                  'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                status: 1,
              },
              {
                account_id: 3,
                details: '',
                status: 1,
              },
            ],
            'id',
            insertTriggerOptions
          )
          .testSql(function (tester) {
            tester(
              'oracledb',
              'begin execute immediate \'insert into "test_table_two" ("account_id", "details", "status") values (:1, :2, :3) returning "id" into :4\' using ?, ?, ?, out ?; execute immediate \'insert into "test_table_two" ("account_id", "details", "status") values (:1, :2, :3) returning "id" into :4\' using ?, ?, ?, out ?; execute immediate \'insert into "test_table_two" ("account_id", "details", "status") values (:1, :2, :3) returning "id" into :4\' using ?, ?, ?, out ?;end;',
              [
                1,
                'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                0,
                function (v) {
                  return v.toString() === '[object ReturningHelper:id]';
                },
                2,
                'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                1,
                function (v) {
                  return v.toString() === '[object ReturningHelper:id]';
                },
                3,
                '',
                1,
                function (v) {
                  return v.toString() === '[object ReturningHelper:id]';
                },
              ],
              ['1', '2', '3']
            );
          })
          .asCallback(function (err) {
            if (err) return ok(err);
            ok();
          });
      });

      it('should take hashes passed into insert and keep them in the correct order', function () {
        return knex('accounts')
          .insert(
            [
              {
                first_name: 'Test',
                last_name: 'User',
                email: 'test4@example.com',
                about: 'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                logins: 2,
                created_at: TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                updated_at: TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              },
              {
                first_name: 'Test',
                about: 'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                logins: 2,
                created_at: TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                updated_at: TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                last_name: 'User',
                email: 'test5@example.com',
              },
            ],
            'id',
            insertTriggerOptions
          )
          .testSql(function (tester) {
            tester(
              'mysql',
              'insert into `accounts` (`about`, `created_at`, `email`, `first_name`, `last_name`, `logins`, `updated_at`) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test4@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test5@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              [4]
            );
            tester(
              'pg',
              'insert into "accounts" ("about", "created_at", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "logins", "updated_at") values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) returning "id"',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test4@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test5@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              ['4', '5']
            );
            tester(
              'pg-redshift',
              'insert into "accounts" ("about", "created_at", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "logins", "updated_at") values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test4@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test5@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              2
            );
            tester(
              'sqlite3',
              'insert into `accounts` (`about`, `created_at`, `email`, `first_name`, `last_name`, `logins`, `updated_at`) select ? as `about`, ? as `created_at`, ? as `email`, ? as `first_name`, ? as `last_name`, ? as `logins`, ? as `updated_at` union all select ? as `about`, ? as `created_at`, ? as `email`, ? as `first_name`, ? as `last_name`, ? as `logins`, ? as `updated_at`',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test4@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test5@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              [5]
            );
            tester(
              'oracledb',
              'begin execute immediate \'insert into "accounts" ("about", "created_at", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "logins", "updated_at") values (:1, :2, :3, :4, :5, :6, :7) returning "id" into :8\' using ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, out ?; execute immediate \'insert into "accounts" ("about", "created_at", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "logins", "updated_at") values (:1, :2, :3, :4, :5, :6, :7) returning "id" into :8\' using ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, out ?;end;',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test4@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                function (v) {
                  return v.toString() === '[object ReturningHelper:id]';
                },
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test5@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                function (v) {
                  return v.toString() === '[object ReturningHelper:id]';
                },
              ],
              ['4', '5']
            );
            tester(
              'mssql',
              'select top(0) [t].[id] into #out from [accounts] as t left join [accounts] on 0=1;insert into [accounts] ([about], [created_at], [email], [first_name], [last_name], [logins], [updated_at]) output inserted.[id] into #out values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?), (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?); select [id] from #out; drop table #out;',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test4@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test5@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              ['4', '5']
            );
          });
      });

      it('will fail when multiple inserts are made into a unique column', function () {
        if (isRedshift(knex)) {
          return this.skip();
        }
        return knex('accounts')
          .where('id', '>', 1)
          .orWhere('x', 2)
          .insert(
            {
              first_name: 'Test',
              last_name: 'User',
              email: 'test5@example.com',
              about: 'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
              logins: 2,
              created_at: TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              updated_at: TEST_TIMESTAMP,
            },
            'id',
            insertTriggerOptions
          )
          .testSql(function (tester) {
            tester(
              'mysql',
              'insert into `accounts` (`about`, `created_at`, `email`, `first_name`, `last_name`, `logins`, `updated_at`) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test5@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ]
            );
            tester(
              'pg',
              'insert into "accounts" ("about", "created_at", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "logins", "updated_at") values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) returning "id"',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test5@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ]
            );
            tester(
              'sqlite3',
              'insert into `accounts` (`about`, `created_at`, `email`, `first_name`, `last_name`, `logins`, `updated_at`) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test5@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ]
            );
            tester(
              'oracledb',
              'insert into "accounts" ("about", "created_at", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "logins", "updated_at") values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) returning "id" into ?',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test5@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                function (v) {
                  return v.toString() === '[object ReturningHelper:id]';
                },
              ]
            );
            tester(
              'mssql',
              'select top(0) [t].[id] into #out from [accounts] as t left join [accounts] on 0=1;insert into [accounts] ([about], [created_at], [email], [first_name], [last_name], [logins], [updated_at]) output inserted.[id] into #out values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?); select [id] from #out; drop table #out;',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test5@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ]
            );
          })
          .then(
            function () {
              throw new Error(
                'There should be a fail when multi-insert are made in unique col.'
              );
            },
            function () {}
          );
      });

      it('should drop any where clause bindings', function () {
        return knex('accounts')
          .where('id', '>', 1)
          .orWhere('x', 2)
          .insert(
            {
              first_name: 'Test',
              last_name: 'User',
              email: 'test6@example.com',
              about: 'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
              logins: 2,
              created_at: TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              updated_at: TEST_TIMESTAMP,
            },
            'id',
            insertTriggerOptions
          )
          .testSql(function (tester) {
            tester(
              'mysql',
              'insert into `accounts` (`about`, `created_at`, `email`, `first_name`, `last_name`, `logins`, `updated_at`) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test6@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              [7]
            );
            tester(
              'pg',
              'insert into "accounts" ("about", "created_at", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "logins", "updated_at") values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) returning "id"',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test6@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              ['7']
            );
            tester(
              'pg-redshift',
              'insert into "accounts" ("about", "created_at", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "logins", "updated_at") values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test6@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              1
            );
            tester(
              'sqlite3',
              'insert into `accounts` (`about`, `created_at`, `email`, `first_name`, `last_name`, `logins`, `updated_at`) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test6@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              [6]
            );
            tester(
              'oracledb',
              'insert into "accounts" ("about", "created_at", "email", "first_name", "last_name", "logins", "updated_at") values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?) returning "id" into ?',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test6@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                function (v) {
                  return v.toString() === '[object ReturningHelper:id]';
                },
              ],
              ['7']
            );
            tester(
              'mssql',
              'select top(0) [t].[id] into #out from [accounts] as t left join [accounts] on 0=1;insert into [accounts] ([about], [created_at], [email], [first_name], [last_name], [logins], [updated_at]) output inserted.[id] into #out values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?); select [id] from #out; drop table #out;',
              [
                'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
                'test6@example.com',
                'Test',
                'User',
                2,
                TEST_TIMESTAMP,
              ],
              ['7']
            );
          });
      });

      it('should handle empty inserts', async function () {
        await knex.schema.dropTableIfExists('trigger_retest_insert');
        return await knex.schema
          .createTable('trigger_retest_insert', function (qb) {
            qb.increments().primary();
            qb.string('string').defaultTo('hello');
            qb.tinyint('tinyint').defaultTo(0);
            qb.text('text').nullable();
          })
          .then(function () {
            knex('trigger_retest_insert')
              .insert({}, 'id', insertTriggerOptions)
              .testSql(function (tester) {
                tester(
                  'mysql',
                  'insert into `trigger_retest_insert` () values ()',
                  [],
                  [1]
                );
                tester(
                  'pg',
                  'insert into "trigger_retest_insert" default values returning "id"',
                  [],
                  [1]
                );
                tester(
                  'pg-redshift',
                  'insert into "trigger_retest_insert" default values',
                  [],
                  1
                );
                tester(
                  'sqlite3',
                  'insert into `trigger_retest_insert` default values',
                  [],
                  [1]
                );
                tester(
                  'oracledb',
                  'insert into "trigger_retest_insert" ("id") values (default) returning "id" into ?',
                  [
                    function (v) {
                      return v.toString() === '[object ReturningHelper:id]';
                    },
                  ],
                  ['1']
                );
                tester(
                  'mssql',
                  'select top(0) [t].[id] into #out from [trigger_retest_insert] as t left join [trigger_retest_insert] on 0=1;insert into [trigger_retest_insert] output inserted.[id] into #out default values; select [id] from #out; drop table #out;',
                  [],
                  [1]
                );
              });
          });
      });

      it('should handle empty arrays inserts', async function () {
        await knex.schema.dropTableIfExists('trigger_retest_insert2');
        return await knex.schema
          .createTable('trigger_retest_insert2', function (qb) {
            qb.increments().primary();
            qb.string('string').defaultTo('hello');
            qb.tinyint('tinyint').defaultTo(0);
            qb.text('text').nullable();
          })
          .then(function () {
            knex('trigger_retest_insert2')
              .insert([{}], 'id', insertTriggerOptions)
              .testSql(function (tester) {
                tester(
                  'mysql',
                  'insert into `trigger_retest_insert2` () values ()',
                  [],
                  [1]
                );
                tester(
                  'pg',
                  'insert into "trigger_retest_insert2" default values returning "id"',
                  [],
                  [1]
                );
                tester(
                  'pg-redshift',
                  'insert into "trigger_retest_insert2" default values',
                  [],
                  1
                );
                tester(
                  'sqlite3',
                  'insert into `trigger_retest_insert2` default values',
                  [],
                  [1]
                );
                tester(
                  'oracledb',
                  'insert into "trigger_retest_insert2" ("id") values (default) returning "id" into ?',
                  [
                    function (v) {
                      return v.toString() === '[object ReturningHelper:id]';
                    },
                  ],
                  ['1']
                );
                tester(
                  'mssql',
                  'select top(0) [t].[id] into #out from [trigger_retest_insert2] as t left join [trigger_retest_insert2] on 0=1;insert into [trigger_retest_insert2] output inserted.[id] into #out default values; select [id] from #out; drop table #out;',
                  [],
                  [1]
                );
              });
          });
      });

      it('should take an array of columns to return in oracle or postgres', function () {
        const insertData = {
          account_id: 10,
          details:
            'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
          status: 0,
        };
        return knex('test_table_two')
          .insert(insertData, ['account_id', 'details'], insertTriggerOptions)
          .testSql(function (tester) {
            tester(
              'mysql',
              'insert into `test_table_two` (`account_id`, `details`, `status`) values (?, ?, ?)',
              [
                10,
                'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                0,
              ],
              [4]
            );
            tester(
              'pg',
              'insert into "test_table_two" ("account_id", "details", "status") values (?, ?, ?) returning "account_id", "details"',
              [
                10,
                'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                0,
              ],
              [
                {
                  account_id: 10,
                  details:
                    'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                },
              ]
            );
            tester(
              'pg-redshift',
              'insert into "test_table_two" ("account_id", "details", "status") values (?, ?, ?)',
              [
                10,
                'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                0,
              ],
              1
            );
            tester(
              'sqlite3',
              'insert into `test_table_two` (`account_id`, `details`, `status`) values (?, ?, ?)',
              [
                10,
                'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                0,
              ],
              [4]
            );
            tester(
              'oracledb',
              `insert into "test_table_two" ("account_id", "details", "status") values (?, ?, ?) returning "account_id","details" into ?,?`,
              [
                10,
                'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                0,
                function (v) {
                  return v.toString() === '[object ReturningHelper:account_id]';
                },
                function (v) {
                  return v.toString() === '[object ReturningHelper:details]';
                },
              ],
              [
                {
                  account_id: '10',
                  details:
                    'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                },
              ]
            );
            tester(
              'mssql',
              'select top(0) [t].[account_id],[t].[details] into #out from [test_table_two] as t left join [test_table_two] on 0=1;insert into [test_table_two] ([account_id], [details], [status]) output inserted.[account_id], inserted.[details] into #out values (?, ?, ?); select [account_id],[details] from #out; drop table #out;',
              [
                10,
                'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                0,
              ],
              [
                {
                  account_id: 10,
                  details:
                    'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                },
              ]
            );
          })
          .then(function (rows) {
            if (isRedshift(knex)) {
              return expect(rows).to.equal(1);
            }
            expect(rows.length).to.equal(1);
            if (isPostgreSQL(knex)) {
              expect(_.keys(rows[0]).length).to.equal(2);
              expect(rows[0].account_id).to.equal(insertData.account_id);
              expect(rows[0].details).to.equal(insertData.details);
            }
          });
      });

      it('should allow a * for returning in postgres and oracle', function () {
        if (isRedshift(knex)) {
          return this.skip();
        }
        const insertData = {
          account_id: 10,
          details:
            'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
          status: 0,
        };

        const returningColumn = '*';
        return knex('test_table_two')
          .insert(insertData, returningColumn, insertTriggerOptions)
          .testSql(function (tester) {
            tester(
              'pg',
              'insert into "test_table_two" ("account_id", "details", "status") values (?, ?, ?) returning *',
              [
                10,
                'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                0,
              ],
              [
                {
                  id: 5,
                  account_id: 10,
                  details:
                    'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                  status: 0,
                  json_data: null,
                },
              ]
            );
            tester(
              'oracledb',
              'insert into "test_table_two" ("account_id", "details", "status") values (?, ?, ?) returning "ROWID" into ?',
              [
                10,
                'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                0,
                function (v) {
                  return v.toString() === '[object ReturningHelper:ROWID]';
                },
              ],
              [
                {
                  id: 5,
                  account_id: 10,
                  details:
                    'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                  status: 0,
                  json_data: null,
                },
              ]
            );
            tester(
              'mssql',
              'select top(0) [t].* into #out from [test_table_two] as t left join [test_table_two] on 0=1;insert into [test_table_two] ([account_id], [details], [status]) output inserted.* into #out values (?, ?, ?); select * from #out; drop table #out;',
              [
                10,
                'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                0,
              ],
              [
                {
                  id: 5,
                  account_id: 10,
                  details:
                    'Lorem ipsum Minim nostrud Excepteur consectetur enim ut qui sint in veniam in nulla anim do cillum sunt voluptate Duis non incididunt.',
                  status: 0,
                  json_data: null,
                },
              ]
            );
          })
          .then(function (rows) {
            expect(rows.length).to.equal(1);
            if (isPostgreSQL(knex)) {
              expect(_.keys(rows[0]).length).to.equal(5);
              expect(rows[0].account_id).to.equal(insertData.account_id);
              expect(rows[0].details).to.equal(insertData.details);
              expect(rows[0].status).to.equal(insertData.status);
              expect(rows[0].json_data).to.equal(null);
            }
          });
      });

      it('should replace undefined keys in multi insert with DEFAULT', function () {
        if (isSQLite(knex)) {
          return true;
        }
        return knex('accounts')
          .insert(
            [
              {
                last_name: 'First Item',
                email: 'single-test1@example.com',
                about: 'Lorem ipsum Dolore labore incididunt enim.',
                created_at: new Date(),
                updated_at: new Date(),
              },
              {
                last_name: 'Second Item',
                email: 'double-test1@example.com',
                logins: 2,
                created_at: new Date(),
                updated_at: new Date(),
              },
            ],
            '*',
            insertTriggerOptions
          )
          .then(function () {
            return knex('accounts')
              .whereIn('email', [
                'single-test1@example.com',
                'double-test1@example.com',
              ])
              .orderBy('email', 'desc');
          })
          .then(function (results) {
            expect(results[0].logins).to.equal(1);
            expect(results[1].about).to.equal(null);
            // cleanup to prevent needs for too much changes to other tests
            return knex('accounts')
              .delete()
              .whereIn(
                'id',
                results.map(function (row) {
                  return row.id;
                })
              );
          });
      });

      it('will silently do nothing when multiple inserts are made into a unique column and ignore is specified', async function () {
        if (isRedshift(knex)) {
          return this.skip();
        }

        // Setup: Create table with unique email column
        await knex.schema.dropTableIfExists('upsert_tests');
        await knex.schema.createTable('upsert_tests', (table) => {
          table.string('name');
          table.string('email');
          table.unique('email');
        });

        // Setup: Create row to conflict against
        await knex('upsert_tests').insert({
          email: 'ignoretest@example.com',
          name: 'BEFORE',
        });

        // Test: Insert..ignore with same email as existing row
        try {
          await knex('upsert_tests')
            .insert(
              { email: 'ignoretest@example.com', name: 'AFTER' },
              'email',
              insertTriggerOptions
            )
            .onConflict('email')
            .ignore()
            .testSql(function (tester) {
              tester(
                'mysql',
                'insert ignore into `upsert_tests` (`email`, `name`) values (?, ?)',
                ['ignoretest@example.com', 'AFTER']
              );
              tester(
                'pg',
                'insert into "upsert_tests" ("email", "name") values (?, ?) on conflict ("email") do nothing returning "email"',
                ['ignoretest@example.com', 'AFTER']
              );
              tester(
                'sqlite3',
                'insert into `upsert_tests` (`email`, `name`) values (?, ?) on conflict (`email`) do nothing',
                ['ignoretest@example.com', 'AFTER']
              );
            });
        } catch (err) {
          if (isOracle(knex) || isMssql(knex)) {
            expect(err).to.be.an('error');
            if (err.message.includes('.onConflict() is not supported for'))
              return;
          }
          throw err;
        }

        // Assert: there is still only 1 row, and that it HAS NOT been updated
        const rows = await knex('upsert_tests')
          .where({ email: 'ignoretest@example.com' })
          .select();
        expect(rows.length).to.equal(1);
        expect(rows[0].name).to.equal('BEFORE');
      });

      it('will silently do nothing when multiple inserts are made into a composite unique column and ignore is specified', async function () {
        if (isRedshift(knex)) {
          return this.skip();
        }

        // Setup: Create table with unique email column
        await knex.schema.dropTableIfExists('upsert_composite_key_tests');
        await knex.schema.createTable('upsert_composite_key_tests', (table) => {
          table.string('name');
          table.string('email');
          table.string('org');
          table.unique(['org', 'email']);
        });

        // Setup: Create row to conflict against
        await knex('upsert_composite_key_tests').insert({
          org: 'acme-inc',
          email: 'ignoretest@example.com',
          name: 'BEFORE',
        });

        // Test: Insert..ignore with same email as existing row
        try {
          await knex('upsert_composite_key_tests')
            .insert(
              {
                org: 'acme-inc',
                email: 'ignoretest@example.com',
                name: 'AFTER',
              },
              'email',
              insertTriggerOptions
            )
            .onConflict(['org', 'email'])
            .ignore()
            .testSql(function (tester) {
              tester(
                'mysql',
                'insert ignore into `upsert_composite_key_tests` (`email`, `name`, `org`) values (?, ?, ?)',
                ['ignoretest@example.com', 'AFTER', 'acme-inc']
              );
              tester(
                'pg',
                'insert into "upsert_composite_key_tests" ("email", "name", "org") values (?, ?, ?) on conflict ("org", "email") do nothing returning "email"',
                ['ignoretest@example.com', 'AFTER', 'acme-inc']
              );
              tester(
                'sqlite3',
                'insert into `upsert_composite_key_tests` (`email`, `name`, `org`) values (?, ?, ?) on conflict (`org`, `email`) do nothing',
                ['ignoretest@example.com', 'AFTER', 'acme-inc']
              );
            });
        } catch (err) {
          if (isOracle(knex) || isMssql(knex)) {
            expect(err).to.be.an('error');
            if (err.message.includes('.onConflict() is not supported for'))
              return;
          }
          throw err;
        }

        // Assert: there is still only 1 row, and that it HAS NOT been updated
        const rows = await knex('upsert_composite_key_tests')
          .where({ email: 'ignoretest@example.com' })
          .select();
        expect(rows.length).to.equal(1);
        expect(rows[0].name).to.equal('BEFORE');
      });

      it('updates columns when inserting a duplicate key to unique column and merge is specified', async function () {
        if (isRedshift(knex)) {
          return this.skip();
        }

        // Setup: Create table with unique email column
        await knex.schema.dropTableIfExists('upsert_tests');
        await knex.schema.createTable('upsert_tests', (table) => {
          table.string('name');
          table.string('email');
          table.unique('email');
        });

        // Setup: Create row to conflict against
        await knex('upsert_tests').insert({
          email: 'mergetest@example.com',
          name: 'BEFORE',
        });

        // Perform insert..merge (upsert)
        try {
          await knex('upsert_tests')
            .insert(
              { email: 'mergetest@example.com', name: 'AFTER' },
              'email',
              insertTriggerOptions
            )
            .onConflict('email')
            .merge()
            .testSql(function (tester) {
              tester(
                'mysql',
                'insert into `upsert_tests` (`email`, `name`) values (?, ?) on duplicate key update `email` = values(`email`), `name` = values(`name`)',
                ['mergetest@example.com', 'AFTER']
              );
              tester(
                'pg',
                'insert into "upsert_tests" ("email", "name") values (?, ?) on conflict ("email") do update set "email" = excluded."email", "name" = excluded."name" returning "email"',
                ['mergetest@example.com', 'AFTER']
              );
              tester(
                'sqlite3',
                'insert into `upsert_tests` (`email`, `name`) values (?, ?) on conflict (`email`) do update set `email` = excluded.`email`, `name` = excluded.`name`',
                ['mergetest@example.com', 'AFTER']
              );
            });
        } catch (err) {
          if (isOracle(knex) || isMssql(knex)) {
            expect(err).to.be.an('error');
            if (err.message.includes('.onConflict() is not supported for'))
              return;
          }
          throw err;
        }

        // Check that row HAS been updated
        const rows = await knex('upsert_tests')
          .where({ email: 'mergetest@example.com' })
          .select();
        expect(rows.length).to.equal(1);
        expect(rows[0].name).to.equal('AFTER');
      });

      it('conditionally updates rows when inserting a duplicate key to unique column and merge with where clause matching row(s) is specified', async function () {
        if (isRedshift(knex)) {
          return this.skip();
        }

        // Setup: Create table with unique email column
        await knex.schema.dropTableIfExists('upsert_tests');
        await knex.schema.createTable('upsert_tests', (table) => {
          table.string('name');
          table.string('email');
          table.string('role');
          table.unique('email');
        });

        // Setup: Create row to conflict against
        await knex('upsert_tests').insert({
          email: 'mergetest@example.com',
          role: 'tester',
          name: 'BEFORE',
        });

        // Perform insert..merge (upsert)
        try {
          await knex('upsert_tests')
            .insert(
              { email: 'mergetest@example.com', name: 'AFTER' },
              'email',
              insertTriggerOptions
            )
            .onConflict('email')
            .merge()
            .where('upsert_tests.role', 'tester')
            .testSql(function (tester) {
              tester(
                'pg',
                'insert into "upsert_tests" ("email", "name") values (?, ?) on conflict ("email") do update set "email" = excluded."email", "name" = excluded."name" where "upsert_tests"."role" = ? returning "email"',
                ['mergetest@example.com', 'AFTER', 'tester']
              );
              tester(
                'sqlite3',
                'insert into `upsert_tests` (`email`, `name`) values (?, ?) on conflict (`email`) do update set `email` = excluded.`email`, `name` = excluded.`name` where `upsert_tests`.`role` = ?',
                ['mergetest@example.com', 'AFTER', 'tester']
              );
            });
        } catch (err) {
          if (isOracle(knex) || isMssql(knex)) {
            expect(err).to.be.an('error');
            if (err.message.includes('.onConflict() is not supported for'))
              return;
          }
          if (isMysql(knex)) {
            expect(err).to.be.an('error');
            if (
              err.message.includes(
                '.onConflict().merge().where() is not supported for'
              )
            )
              return;
          }
          throw err;
        }

        // Check that row HAS been updated
        const rows = await knex('upsert_tests')
          .where({ email: 'mergetest@example.com' })
          .select();
        expect(rows.length).to.equal(1);
        expect(rows[0].name).to.equal('AFTER');
      });

      it('will silently do nothing when inserting a duplicate key to unique column and merge with where clause matching no rows is specified', async function () {
        if (isRedshift(knex)) {
          return this.skip();
        }

        // Setup: Create table with unique email column
        await knex.schema.dropTableIfExists('upsert_tests');
        await knex.schema.createTable('upsert_tests', (table) => {
          table.string('name');
          table.string('email');
          table.string('role');
          table.unique('email');
        });

        // Setup: Create row to conflict against
        await knex('upsert_tests').insert({
          email: 'mergetest@example.com',
          role: 'tester',
          name: 'BEFORE',
        });

        // Perform insert..merge (upsert)
        try {
          await knex('upsert_tests')
            .insert(
              { email: 'mergetest@example.com', name: 'AFTER' },
              'email',
              insertTriggerOptions
            )
            .onConflict('email')
            .merge()
            .where('upsert_tests.role', 'fake-role')
            .testSql(function (tester) {
              tester(
                'pg',
                'insert into "upsert_tests" ("email", "name") values (?, ?) on conflict ("email") do update set "email" = excluded."email", "name" = excluded."name" where "upsert_tests"."role" = ? returning "email"',
                ['mergetest@example.com', 'AFTER', 'fake-role']
              );
              tester(
                'sqlite3',
                'insert into `upsert_tests` (`email`, `name`) values (?, ?) on conflict (`email`) do update set `email` = excluded.`email`, `name` = excluded.`name` where `upsert_tests`.`role` = ?',
                ['mergetest@example.com', 'AFTER', 'fake-role']
              );
            });
        } catch (err) {
          if (isOracle(knex) || isMssql(knex)) {
            expect(err).to.be.an('error');
            if (err.message.includes('.onConflict() is not supported for'))
              return;
          }
          if (isMysql(knex)) {
            expect(err).to.be.an('error');
            if (
              err.message.includes(
                '.onConflict().merge().where() is not supported for'
              )
            )
              return;
          }
          throw err;
        }

        // Check that row HAS NOT been updated
        const rows = await knex('upsert_tests')
          .where({ email: 'mergetest@example.com' })
          .select();
        expect(rows.length).to.equal(1);
        expect(rows[0].name).to.equal('BEFORE');
      });

      it('updates columns with raw value when inserting a duplicate key to unique column and merge is specified', async function () {
        if (isRedshift(knex)) {
          return this.skip();
        }

        // Setup: Create table with unique email column
        await knex.schema.dropTableIfExists('upsert_tests');
        await knex.schema.createTable('upsert_tests', (table) => {
          table.string('name');
          table.string('email');
          table.unique('email');
        });

        // Setup: Create row to conflict against
        await knex('upsert_tests').insert([
          { email: 'mergesource@example.com', name: 'SOURCE' },
          { email: 'mergedest@example.com', name: 'DEST' },
        ]);

        // Perform insert..merge (upsert)
        try {
          await knex('upsert_tests')
            .insert(
              {
                email: 'mergedest@example.com',
                name: knex.raw(
                  "(SELECT name FROM (SELECT * FROM upsert_tests) AS t WHERE email = 'mergesource@example.com')"
                ),
              },
              'email',
              insertTriggerOptions
            )
            .onConflict('email')
            .merge()
            .testSql(function (tester) {
              tester(
                'mysql',
                "insert into `upsert_tests` (`email`, `name`) values (?, (SELECT name FROM (SELECT * FROM upsert_tests) AS t WHERE email = 'mergesource@example.com')) on duplicate key update `email` = values(`email`), `name` = values(`name`)",
                ['mergedest@example.com']
              );
              tester(
                'pg',
                'insert into "upsert_tests" ("email", "name") values (?, (SELECT name FROM (SELECT * FROM upsert_tests) AS t WHERE email = \'mergesource@example.com\')) on conflict ("email") do update set "email" = excluded."email", "name" = excluded."name" returning "email"',
                ['mergedest@example.com']
              );
              tester(
                'sqlite3',
                "insert into `upsert_tests` (`email`, `name`) values (?, (SELECT name FROM (SELECT * FROM upsert_tests) AS t WHERE email = 'mergesource@example.com')) on conflict (`email`) do update set `email` = excluded.`email`, `name` = excluded.`name`",
                ['mergedest@example.com']
              );
            });
        } catch (err) {
          if (isOracle(knex) || isMssql(knex)) {
            expect(err).to.be.an('error');
            if (err.message.includes('.onConflict() is not supported for'))
              return;
          }
          throw err;
        }

        // Check that row HAS been updated
        const rows = await knex('upsert_tests')
          .where({ email: 'mergedest@example.com' })
          .select();
        expect(rows.length).to.equal(1);
        expect(rows[0].name).to.equal('SOURCE');
      });

      it('updates columns with raw value when inserting a duplicate key to unique column and merge with updates is specified', async function () {
        if (isRedshift(knex)) {
          return this.skip();
        }

        // Setup table for testing knex.raw with
        await knex.schema.dropTableIfExists('upsert_value_source');
        await knex.schema.createTable('upsert_value_source', (table) => {
          table.string('name');
        });
        await knex('upsert_value_source').insert([{ name: 'SOURCE' }]);

        // Setup: Create table with unique email column
        await knex.schema.dropTableIfExists('upsert_tests');
        await knex.schema.createTable('upsert_tests', (table) => {
          table.string('name');
          table.string('email');
          table.unique('email');
        });

        // Setup: Create row to conflict against
        await knex('upsert_tests').insert([
          { email: 'mergedest@example.com', name: 'DEST' },
        ]);

        // Perform insert..merge (upsert)
        try {
          await knex('upsert_tests')
            .insert(
              { email: 'mergedest@example.com', name: 'SHOULD NOT BE USED' },
              'email',
              insertTriggerOptions
            )
            .onConflict('email')
            .merge({ name: knex.raw('(SELECT name FROM upsert_value_source)') })
            .testSql(function (tester) {
              tester(
                'mysql',
                'insert into `upsert_tests` (`email`, `name`) values (?, ?) on duplicate key update `name` = (SELECT name FROM upsert_value_source)',
                ['mergedest@example.com', 'SHOULD NOT BE USED']
              );
              tester(
                'pg',
                'insert into "upsert_tests" ("email", "name") values (?, ?) on conflict ("email") do update set "name" = (SELECT name FROM upsert_value_source) returning "email"',
                ['mergedest@example.com', 'SHOULD NOT BE USED']
              );
              tester(
                'sqlite3',
                'insert into `upsert_tests` (`email`, `name`) values (?, ?) on conflict (`email`) do update set `name` = (SELECT name FROM upsert_value_source)',
                ['mergedest@example.com', 'SHOULD NOT BE USED']
              );
            });
        } catch (err) {
          if (isOracle(knex) || isMssql(knex)) {
            expect(err).to.be.an('error');
            if (err.message.includes('.onConflict() is not supported for'))
              return;
          }
          throw err;
        }

        // Check that row HAS been updated
        const rows = await knex('upsert_tests')
          .where({ email: 'mergedest@example.com' })
          .select();
        expect(rows.length).to.equal(1);
        expect(rows[0].name).to.equal('SOURCE');
      });

      it('updates and inserts columns when inserting multiple rows merge is specified', async function () {
        if (isRedshift(knex)) {
          return this.skip();
        }

        // Setup: Create table with unique email column
        await knex.schema.dropTableIfExists('upsert_tests');
        await knex.schema.createTable('upsert_tests', (table) => {
          table.string('name');
          table.string('email');
          table.unique('email');
        });

        // Setup: Create row to conflict against
        await knex('upsert_tests').insert([
          { email: 'one@example.com', name: 'BEFORE' },
          { email: 'two@example.com', name: 'BEFORE' },
        ]);

        // Perform insert..merge (upsert)
        try {
          await knex('upsert_tests')
            .insert(
              [
                { email: 'two@example.com', name: 'AFTER' },
                { email: 'three@example.com', name: 'AFTER' },
              ],
              'email',
              insertTriggerOptions
            )
            .onConflict('email')
            .merge()
            .testSql(function (tester) {
              tester(
                'mysql',
                'insert into `upsert_tests` (`email`, `name`) values (?, ?), (?, ?) on duplicate key update `email` = values(`email`), `name` = values(`name`)',
                ['two@example.com', 'AFTER', 'three@example.com', 'AFTER']
              );
              tester(
                'pg',
                'insert into "upsert_tests" ("email", "name") values (?, ?), (?, ?) on conflict ("email") do update set "email" = excluded."email", "name" = excluded."name" returning "email"',
                ['two@example.com', 'AFTER', 'three@example.com', 'AFTER']
              );
              tester(
                'sqlite3',
                'insert into `upsert_tests` (`email`, `name`) select ? as `email`, ? as `name` union all select ? as `email`, ? as `name` where true on conflict (`email`) do update set `email` = excluded.`email`, `name` = excluded.`name`',
                ['two@example.com', 'AFTER', 'three@example.com', 'AFTER']
              );
            });
        } catch (err) {
          if (isOracle(knex) || isMssql(knex)) {
            expect(err).to.be.an('error');
            if (err.message.includes('.onConflict() is not supported for'))
              return;
          }
          throw err;
        }

        // Check that row HAS been updated
        const rows = await knex('upsert_tests').select();
        expect(rows.length).to.equal(3);

        const row1 = rows.find((row) => row.email === 'one@example.com');
        expect(row1 && row1.name).to.equal('BEFORE');
        const row2 = rows.find((row) => row.email === 'two@example.com');
        expect(row2 && row2.name).to.equal('AFTER');
        const row3 = rows.find((row) => row.email === 'three@example.com');
        expect(row3 && row3.name).to.equal('AFTER');
      });
    });
  });
};