Selectors query elements on the web page for interactions, like [page.click](api.md#pageclickselector-options), and to obtain `ElementHandle` through [page.$](api.md#pageselector). Built-in selectors auto-pierce [shadow DOM](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Web_Components/Using_shadow_DOM).
For convenience, common selectors have short-forms:
- Selector starting with `//` or `..` is assumed to be `xpath=selector`
- Example: `page.click('//html')` is converted to `page.click('xpath=//html')`.
- Selector starting and ending with a quote (either `"` or `'`) is assumed to be `text=selector`
- Example: `page.click('"foo"')` is converted to `page.click('text="foo"')`.
- Otherwise, selector is assumed to be `css=selector`
- Example: `page.click('div')` is converted to `page.click('css=div')`.
### Chaining selectors
Selectors defined as `engine=body` or in short-form can be combined with the `>>` token, e.g. `selector1 >> selector2 >> selectors3`. When selectors are chained, next one is queried relative to the previous one's result.
If a selector needs to include `>>` in the body, it should be escaped inside a string to not be confused with chaining separator, e.g. `text="some >> text"`.
### Intermediate matches
By default, chained selectors resolve to an element queried by the last selector. A selector can be prefixed with `*` to capture elements that are queried by an intermediate selector.
For example, `css=article >> text=Hello` captures the element with the text `Hello`, and `*css=article >> text=Hello` (note the `*`) captures the `article` element that contains some element with the text `Hello`.
## Best practices
The choice of selectors determines the resiliency of automation scripts. To reduce the maintenance burden, we recommend prioritizing user-facing attributes and explicit contracts.
### Prioritize user-facing attributes
Attributes like text content, input placeholder, accessibility roles and labels are user-facing attributes that change rarely. These attributes are not impacted by DOM structure changes.
The following examples use the built-in [text] and [css] selector engines.
When user-facing attributes change frequently, it is recommended to use explicit test ids, like `data-test-id`. These `data-*` attributes are supported by the [css] and [id selectors][id].
`css` is a default engine - any malformed selector not starting with `//` nor starting and ending with a quote is assumed to be a css selector. For example, Playwright converts `page.$('span > button')` to `page.$('css=span > button')`.
`css:light` engine is equivalent to [`Document.querySelector`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/API/Document/querySelector) and behaves according to the CSS spec. However, it does not pierce shadow roots, which may be inconvenient when working with [Shadow DOM and Web Components](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Web_Components/Using_shadow_DOM). For that reason, `css` engine pierces shadow roots. More specifically, any [Descendant combinator](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Descendant_combinator) or [Child combinator](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Child_combinator) pierces an arbitrary number of open shadow roots, including the implicit descendant combinator at the start of the selector.
`css` engine first searches for elements in the light dom in the iteration order, and then recursively inside open shadow roots in the iteration order. It does not search inside closed shadow roots or iframes.
- Both `"css=article div"` and `"css:light=article div"` match the first `<div>In the light dom</div>`.
- Both `"css=article > div"` and `"css:light=article > div"` match two `div` elements that are direct children of the `article`.
-`"css=article .in-the-shadow"` matches the `<div class='in-the-shadow'>`, piercing the shadow root, while `"css:light=article .in-the-shadow"` does not match anything.
-`"css:light=article div > span"` does not match anything, because both light-dom `div` elements do not contain a `span`.
-`"css=article div > span"` matches the `<span class='content'>`, piercing the shadow root.
-`"css=article > .in-the-shadow"` does not match anything, because `<div class='in-the-shadow'>` is not a direct child of `article`
-`"css:light=article > .in-the-shadow"` does not match anything.
-`"css=article li#target"` matches the `<li id='target'>Deep in the shadow</li>`, piercing two shadow roots.
The `:visible` pseudo-class matches elements that are visible as defined in the [actionability](./actionability.md#visible) guide. For example, `input` matches all the inputs on the page, while `input:visible` matches only visible inputs. This is useful to distinguish elements that are very similar but differ in visibility.
```js
// Clicks the first button.
await page.click('button');
// Clicks the first visible button. If there are some invisible buttons, this click will just ignore them.
await page.click('button:visible');
```
Use `:visible` with caution, because it has two major drawbacks:
* When elements change their visibility dynamically, `:visible` will give upredictable results based on the timing.
*`:visible` forces a layout and may lead to querying being slow, especially when used with `page.waitForSelector(selector[, options])` method.
#### CSS extension: text
The `:text` pseudo-class matches elements that have a text node child with specific text. It is similar to the [text engine](#text-and-textlight). There are a few variations that support different arguments:
*`:text("exact match")` - Only matches when element's text exactly equals to passed string.
*`:text("substring", "g")` - Matches when element's text contains "substring" somewhere.
*`:text("string with spaces", "s")` - Normalizes whitespace when matching, for example turns multiple spaces into one and line breaks into spaces.
*`:text("substring", "sgi")` - Different flags may be combined. For example, pass `"sgi"` to match by case-insensitive substring with normalized whitespace.
*`button:text("Sign in")` - Text selector may be combined with regular CSS.
*`:matches-text("[+-]?\\d+")` - Matches text against a regular expression. Note that back-slash `\` and quotes `"` must be escaped.
*`:matches-text("regex", "g")` - Matches text against a regular expression with specified flags. Learn more about [regular expressions](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/RegExp).
```js
// Click a button with text "Sign in".
await page.click('button:text("Sign in")');
```
#### CSS extension: light
`css` engine [pierces shadow](#shadow-piercing) by default. It is possible to disable this behavior by wrapping a selector in `:light` pseudo-class: `:light(section > button.class)` matches in light DOM only.
```js
await page.click(':light(.article > .header)');
```
#### CSS extension: proximity
Playwright provides a few proximity selectors based on the page layout. These can be combined with regular CSS for better results, for example `input:right-of(:text("Password"))` matches an input field that is to the right of text "Password".
Note that Playwright uses some heuristics to determine whether one element should be considered to the left/right/above/below/near/within another. Therefore, using proximity selectors may produce unpredictable results. For example, selector could stop matching when element moves by one pixel.
*`:right-of(css > selector)` - Matches elements that are to the right of any element matching the inner selector.
*`:left-of(css > selector)` - Matches elements that are to the left of any element matching the inner selector.
*`:above(css > selector)` - Matches elements that are above any of the elements matching the inner selector.
*`:below(css > selector)` - Matches elements that are below any of the elements matching the inner selector.
*`:near(css > selector)` - Matches elements that are near any of the elements matching the inner selector.
*`:within(css > selector)` - Matches elements that are within any of the elements matching the inner selector.
Malformed selector starting with `//` or `..` is assumed to be an xpath selector. For example, Playwright converts `page.$('//html/body')` to `page.$('xpath=//html/body')`.
Text engine finds an element that contains a text node with the passed text. For example, `page.click('text=Login')` clicks on a login button, and `page.waitForSelector('"lazy loaded text")` waits for the `"lazy loaded text"` to appear in the page.
- By default, the match is case-insensitive, ignores leading/trailing whitespace and searches for a substring. This means `text= Login` matches `<button>Button loGIN (click me)</button>`.
- Text body can be escaped with single or double quotes for precise matching, insisting on exact match, including specified whitespace and case. This means `text="Login "` will only match `<button>Login </button>` with exactly one space after "Login". Quoted text follows the usual escaping rules, e.g. use `\"` to escape double quote in a double-quoted string: `text="foo\"bar"`.
- Text body can also be a JavaScript-like regex wrapped in `/` symbols. This means `text=/^\\s*Login$/i` will match `<button> loGIN</button>` with any number of spaces before "Login" and no spaces after.
- Input elements of the type `button` and `submit` are rendered with their value as text, and text engine finds them. For example, `text=Login` matches `<input type=button value="Login">`.
Malformed selector starting and ending with a quote (either `"` or `'`) is assumed to be a text selector. For example, Playwright converts `page.click('"Login"')` to `page.click('text="Login"')`.
`text` engine open pierces shadow roots similarly to `css`, while `text:light` does not. Text engine first searches for elements in the light dom in the iteration order, and then recursively inside open shadow roots in the iteration order. It does not search inside closed shadow roots or iframes.
Attribute engines are selecting based on the corresponding attribute value. For example: `data-test-id=foo` is equivalent to `css=[data-test-id="foo"]`, and `id:light=foo` is equivalent to `css:light=[id="foo"]`.
