diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/android.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/android.ts
index 45403acaa2..8a9f1549d8 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/android.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/android.ts
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ export class AndroidDevice extends ChannelOwner<channels.AndroidDeviceChannel> i
       const waiter = Waiter.createForEvent(this, event);
       waiter.rejectOnTimeout(timeout, `Timeout ${timeout}ms exceeded while waiting for event "${event}"`);
       if (event !== Events.AndroidDevice.Close)
-        waiter.rejectOnEvent(this, Events.AndroidDevice.Close, new TargetClosedError());
+        waiter.rejectOnEvent(this, Events.AndroidDevice.Close, () => new TargetClosedError());
       const result = await waiter.waitForEvent(this, event, predicate as any);
       waiter.dispose();
       return result;
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/browser.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/browser.ts
index 650e980952..f06e739799 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/browser.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/browser.ts
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ export class Browser extends ChannelOwner<channels.BrowserChannel> implements ap
 
   // Used from @playwright/test fixtures.
   _connectHeaders?: HeadersArray;
+  _closeReason: string | undefined;
 
   static from(browser: channels.BrowserChannel): Browser {
     return (browser as any)._object;
@@ -131,6 +132,7 @@ export class Browser extends ChannelOwner<channels.BrowserChannel> implements ap
   }
 
   async close(options: { reason?: string } = {}): Promise<void> {
+    this._closeReason = options.reason;
     try {
       if (this._shouldCloseConnectionOnClose)
         this._connection.close();
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/browserContext.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/browserContext.ts
index c4664b1a36..b347dff782 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/browserContext.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/browserContext.ts
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ export class BrowserContext extends ChannelOwner<channels.BrowserContextChannel>
   readonly _isChromium: boolean;
   private _harRecorders = new Map<string, { path: string, content: 'embed' | 'attach' | 'omit' | undefined }>();
   private _closeWasCalled = false;
+  private _closeReason: string | undefined;
 
   static from(context: channels.BrowserContextChannel): BrowserContext {
     return (context as any)._object;
@@ -337,6 +338,10 @@ export class BrowserContext extends ChannelOwner<channels.BrowserContextChannel>
     await this._channel.setNetworkInterceptionPatterns({ patterns });
   }
 
+  _effectiveCloseReason(): string | undefined {
+    return this._closeReason || this._browser?._closeReason;
+  }
+
   async waitForEvent(event: string, optionsOrPredicate: WaitForEventOptions = {}): Promise<any> {
     return this._wrapApiCall(async () => {
       const timeout = this._timeoutSettings.timeout(typeof optionsOrPredicate === 'function'  ? {} : optionsOrPredicate);
@@ -344,7 +349,7 @@ export class BrowserContext extends ChannelOwner<channels.BrowserContextChannel>
       const waiter = Waiter.createForEvent(this, event);
       waiter.rejectOnTimeout(timeout, `Timeout ${timeout}ms exceeded while waiting for event "${event}"`);
       if (event !== Events.BrowserContext.Close)
-        waiter.rejectOnEvent(this, Events.BrowserContext.Close, new TargetClosedError());
+        waiter.rejectOnEvent(this, Events.BrowserContext.Close, () => new TargetClosedError(this._effectiveCloseReason()));
       const result = await waiter.waitForEvent(this, event, predicate as any);
       waiter.dispose();
       return result;
@@ -386,6 +391,7 @@ export class BrowserContext extends ChannelOwner<channels.BrowserContextChannel>
   async close(options: { reason?: string } = {}): Promise<void> {
     if (this._closeWasCalled)
       return;
+    this._closeReason = options.reason;
     this._closeWasCalled = true;
     await this._wrapApiCall(async () => {
       await this._browserType?._willCloseContext(this);
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/connection.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/connection.ts
index eef42b1843..380ce04b9b 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/connection.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/connection.ts
@@ -184,9 +184,7 @@ export class Connection extends EventEmitter {
   }
 
   close(cause?: Error) {
-    this._closedError = new TargetClosedError();
-    if (cause)
-      rewriteErrorMessage(this._closedError, this._closedError.message + '\nCaused by: ' + cause.toString());
+    this._closedError = new TargetClosedError(cause?.toString());
     for (const callback of this._callbacks.values())
       callback.reject(this._closedError);
     this._callbacks.clear();
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/electron.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/electron.ts
index 0d2c980df5..103ef5c193 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/electron.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/electron.ts
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ export class ElectronApplication extends ChannelOwner<channels.ElectronApplicati
       const waiter = Waiter.createForEvent(this, event);
       waiter.rejectOnTimeout(timeout, `Timeout ${timeout}ms exceeded while waiting for event "${event}"`);
       if (event !== Events.ElectronApplication.Close)
-        waiter.rejectOnEvent(this, Events.ElectronApplication.Close, new TargetClosedError());
+        waiter.rejectOnEvent(this, Events.ElectronApplication.Close, () => new TargetClosedError());
       const result = await waiter.waitForEvent(this, event, predicate as any);
       waiter.dispose();
       return result;
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/frame.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/frame.ts
index 8c94d1eb33..db0b23530d 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/frame.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/frame.ts
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ import { urlMatches } from '../utils/network';
 import type * as api from '../../types/types';
 import type * as structs from '../../types/structs';
 import { debugLogger } from '../common/debugLogger';
-import { TargetClosedError } from '../common/errors';
 
 export type WaitForNavigationOptions = {
   timeout?: number,
@@ -105,8 +104,8 @@ export class Frame extends ChannelOwner<channels.FrameChannel> implements api.Fr
   private _setupNavigationWaiter(options: { timeout?: number }): Waiter {
     const waiter = new Waiter(this._page!, '');
     if (this._page!.isClosed())
-      waiter.rejectImmediately(new TargetClosedError());
-    waiter.rejectOnEvent(this._page!, Events.Page.Close, new TargetClosedError());
+      waiter.rejectImmediately(this._page!._closeErrorWithReason());
+    waiter.rejectOnEvent(this._page!, Events.Page.Close, () => this._page!._closeErrorWithReason());
     waiter.rejectOnEvent(this._page!, Events.Page.Crash, new Error('Navigation failed because page crashed!'));
     waiter.rejectOnEvent<Frame>(this._page!, Events.Page.FrameDetached, new Error('Navigating frame was detached!'), frame => frame === this);
     const timeout = this._page!._timeoutSettings.navigationTimeout(options);
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/network.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/network.ts
index dd201e9a80..d0c00b51d6 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/network.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/network.ts
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ import { MultiMap } from '../utils/multimap';
 import { APIResponse } from './fetch';
 import type { Serializable } from '../../types/structs';
 import type { BrowserContext } from './browserContext';
-import { TargetClosedError } from '../common/errors';
 
 export type NetworkCookie = {
   name: string,
@@ -611,7 +610,7 @@ export class WebSocket extends ChannelOwner<channels.WebSocketChannel> implement
         waiter.rejectOnEvent(this, Events.WebSocket.Error, new Error('Socket error'));
       if (event !== Events.WebSocket.Close)
         waiter.rejectOnEvent(this, Events.WebSocket.Close, new Error('Socket closed'));
-      waiter.rejectOnEvent(this._page, Events.Page.Close, new TargetClosedError());
+      waiter.rejectOnEvent(this._page, Events.Page.Close, () => this._page._closeErrorWithReason());
       const result = await waiter.waitForEvent(this, event, predicate as any);
       waiter.dispose();
       return result;
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/page.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/page.ts
index f1c817b090..afa70e1806 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/page.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/page.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import fs from 'fs';
 import path from 'path';
 import type * as structs from '../../types/structs';
 import type * as api from '../../types/types';
-import { isTargetClosedError, TargetClosedError, kTargetClosedErrorMessage } from '../common/errors';
+import { isTargetClosedError, TargetClosedError } from '../common/errors';
 import { urlMatches } from '../utils/network';
 import { TimeoutSettings } from '../common/timeoutSettings';
 import type * as channels from '@protocol/channels';
@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ export class Page extends ChannelOwner<channels.PageChannel> implements api.Page
   readonly _timeoutSettings: TimeoutSettings;
   private _video: Video | null = null;
   readonly _opener: Page | null;
+  private _closeReason: string | undefined;
 
   static from(page: channels.PageChannel): Page {
     return (page as any)._object;
@@ -140,8 +141,8 @@ export class Page extends ChannelOwner<channels.PageChannel> implements api.Page
 
     this.coverage = new Coverage(this._channel);
 
-    this.once(Events.Page.Close, () => this._closedOrCrashedScope.close(kTargetClosedErrorMessage));
-    this.once(Events.Page.Crash, () => this._closedOrCrashedScope.close(kTargetClosedErrorMessage));
+    this.once(Events.Page.Close, () => this._closedOrCrashedScope.close(this._closeErrorWithReason()));
+    this.once(Events.Page.Crash, () => this._closedOrCrashedScope.close(new TargetClosedError()));
 
     this._setEventToSubscriptionMapping(new Map<string, channels.PageUpdateSubscriptionParams['event']>([
       [Events.Page.Console, 'console'],
@@ -387,6 +388,10 @@ export class Page extends ChannelOwner<channels.PageChannel> implements api.Page
     return this._waitForEvent(event, optionsOrPredicate, `waiting for event "${event}"`);
   }
 
+  _closeErrorWithReason(): TargetClosedError {
+    return new TargetClosedError(this._closeReason || this._browserContext._effectiveCloseReason());
+  }
+
   private async _waitForEvent(event: string, optionsOrPredicate: WaitForEventOptions, logLine?: string): Promise<any> {
     return this._wrapApiCall(async () => {
       const timeout = this._timeoutSettings.timeout(typeof optionsOrPredicate === 'function' ? {} : optionsOrPredicate);
@@ -398,7 +403,7 @@ export class Page extends ChannelOwner<channels.PageChannel> implements api.Page
       if (event !== Events.Page.Crash)
         waiter.rejectOnEvent(this, Events.Page.Crash, new Error('Page crashed'));
       if (event !== Events.Page.Close)
-        waiter.rejectOnEvent(this, Events.Page.Close, new TargetClosedError());
+        waiter.rejectOnEvent(this, Events.Page.Close, () => this._closeErrorWithReason());
       const result = await waiter.waitForEvent(this, event, predicate as any);
       waiter.dispose();
       return result;
@@ -513,7 +518,8 @@ export class Page extends ChannelOwner<channels.PageChannel> implements api.Page
     await this._channel.bringToFront();
   }
 
-  async close(options: { runBeforeUnload?: boolean } = { runBeforeUnload: undefined }) {
+  async close(options: { runBeforeUnload?: boolean, reason?: string } = {}) {
+    this._closeReason = options.reason;
     try {
       if (this._ownedContext)
         await this._ownedContext.close();
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/waiter.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/waiter.ts
index 10f3e6d4b8..c88192868c 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/waiter.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/waiter.ts
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ export class Waiter {
     return this.waitForPromise(promise, dispose);
   }
 
-  rejectOnEvent<T = void>(emitter: EventEmitter, event: string, error: Error, predicate?: (arg: T) => boolean | Promise<boolean>) {
+  rejectOnEvent<T = void>(emitter: EventEmitter, event: string, error: Error | (() => Error), predicate?: (arg: T) => boolean | Promise<boolean>) {
     const { promise, dispose } = waitForEvent(emitter, event, predicate);
-    this._rejectOn(promise.then(() => { throw error; }), dispose);
+    this._rejectOn(promise.then(() => { throw (typeof error === 'function' ? error() : error); }), dispose);
   }
 
   rejectOnTimeout(timeout: number, message: string) {
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/worker.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/worker.ts
index bc3a2b3acf..1429fcdcc1 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/client/worker.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/client/worker.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import type { BrowserContext } from './browserContext';
 import type * as api from '../../types/types';
 import type * as structs from '../../types/structs';
 import { LongStandingScope } from '../utils';
-import { kTargetClosedErrorMessage } from '../common/errors';
+import { TargetClosedError } from '../common/errors';
 
 export class Worker extends ChannelOwner<channels.WorkerChannel> implements api.Worker {
   _page: Page | undefined;  // Set for web workers.
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ export class Worker extends ChannelOwner<channels.WorkerChannel> implements api.
         this._context._serviceWorkers.delete(this);
       this.emit(Events.Worker.Close, this);
     });
-    this.once(Events.Worker.Close, () => this._closedScope.close(kTargetClosedErrorMessage));
+    this.once(Events.Worker.Close, () => this._closedScope.close(this._page?._closeErrorWithReason() || new TargetClosedError()));
   }
 
   url(): string {
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/common/errors.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/common/errors.ts
index 12ea1cf6ee..b8e6c9b11f 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/common/errors.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/common/errors.ts
@@ -25,16 +25,13 @@ class CustomError extends Error {
 
 export class TimeoutError extends CustomError {}
 
-export const kTargetClosedErrorMessage = 'Target page, context or browser has been closed';
-export const kTargetCrashedErrorMessage = 'Target crashed';
-
 export class TargetClosedError extends Error {
-  constructor() {
-    super(kTargetClosedErrorMessage);
+  constructor(cause?: string, logs?: string) {
+    super((cause || 'Target page, context or browser has been closed') + (logs || ''));
     this.name = this.constructor.name;
   }
 }
 
 export function isTargetClosedError(error: Error) {
-  return error instanceof TargetClosedError || error.message.includes(kTargetClosedErrorMessage);
+  return error instanceof TargetClosedError || error.name === 'TargetClosedError';
 }
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/protocol/serializers.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/protocol/serializers.ts
index d43747237f..92d584da38 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/protocol/serializers.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/protocol/serializers.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { TimeoutError } from '../common/errors';
+import { TargetClosedError, TimeoutError } from '../common/errors';
 import type { SerializedError, SerializedValue } from '@protocol/channels';
 
 export function serializeError(e: any): SerializedError {
@@ -34,6 +34,11 @@ export function parseError(error: SerializedError): Error {
     e.stack = error.error.stack || '';
     return e;
   }
+  if (error.error.name === 'TargetClosedError') {
+    const e = new TargetClosedError(error.error.message);
+    e.stack = error.error.stack || '';
+    return e;
+  }
   const e = new Error(error.error.message);
   e.stack = error.error.stack || '';
   e.name = error.error.name;
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/dispatchers/dispatcher.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/dispatchers/dispatcher.ts
index 6cbb4294ac..36f39704a7 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/dispatchers/dispatcher.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/dispatchers/dispatcher.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import type * as channels from '@protocol/channels';
 import { serializeError } from '../../protocol/serializers';
 import { findValidator, ValidationError, createMetadataValidator, type ValidatorContext } from '../../protocol/validator';
 import { assert, isUnderTest, monotonicTime, rewriteErrorMessage } from '../../utils';
-import { TargetClosedError, isTargetClosedError, kTargetClosedErrorMessage, kTargetCrashedErrorMessage } from '../../common/errors';
+import { TargetClosedError, isTargetClosedError } from '../../common/errors';
 import type { CallMetadata } from '../instrumentation';
 import { SdkObject } from '../instrumentation';
 import type { PlaywrightDispatcher } from './playwrightDispatcher';
@@ -330,15 +330,17 @@ export class DispatcherConnection {
       const validator = findValidator(dispatcher._type, method, 'Result');
       callMetadata.result = validator(result, '', { tChannelImpl: this._tChannelImplToWire.bind(this), binary: this._isLocal ? 'buffer' : 'toBase64' });
     } catch (e) {
-      if (isTargetClosedError(e) && sdkObject)
-        rewriteErrorMessage(e, closeReason(sdkObject));
-      if (isProtocolError(e)) {
+      if (isTargetClosedError(e) && sdkObject) {
+        const reason = closeReason(sdkObject);
+        if (reason)
+          rewriteErrorMessage(e, reason);
+      } else if (isProtocolError(e)) {
         if (e.type === 'closed') {
-          const closedReason = sdkObject ? closeReason(sdkObject) : kTargetClosedErrorMessage;
-          rewriteErrorMessage(e, closedReason + e.browserLogMessage());
+          const reason = sdkObject ? closeReason(sdkObject) : undefined;
+          e = new TargetClosedError(reason, e.browserLogMessage());
+        } else if (e.type === 'crashed') {
+          rewriteErrorMessage(e, 'Target crashed ' + e.browserLogMessage());
         }
-        if (e.type === 'crashed')
-          rewriteErrorMessage(e, kTargetCrashedErrorMessage + e.browserLogMessage());
       }
       callMetadata.error = serializeError(e);
     } finally {
@@ -357,8 +359,8 @@ export class DispatcherConnection {
   }
 }
 
-function closeReason(sdkObject: SdkObject) {
+function closeReason(sdkObject: SdkObject): string | undefined {
   return sdkObject.attribution.page?._closeReason ||
     sdkObject.attribution.context?._closeReason ||
-    sdkObject.attribution.browser?._closeReason || kTargetClosedErrorMessage;
+    sdkObject.attribution.browser?._closeReason;
 }
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts
index 8e65cc9067..f367957502 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/frames.ts
@@ -1532,7 +1532,7 @@ export class Frame extends SdkObject {
 
   _onDetached() {
     this._stopNetworkIdleTimer();
-    this._detachedScope.close('Frame was detached');
+    this._detachedScope.close(new Error('Frame was detached'));
     for (const data of this._contextData.values()) {
       if (data.context)
         data.context.contextDestroyed('Frame was detached');
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/javascript.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/javascript.ts
index cdb2872688..bfc77ea98b 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/javascript.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/javascript.ts
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ export class ExecutionContext extends SdkObject {
   }
 
   contextDestroyed(reason: string) {
-    this._contextDestroyedScope.close(reason);
+    this._contextDestroyedScope.close(new Error(reason));
   }
 
   async _raceAgainstContextDestroyed<T>(promise: Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/page.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/page.ts
index 221449e3dd..9f29478318 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/server/page.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/server/page.ts
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ import type { TimeoutOptions } from '../common/types';
 import { isInvalidSelectorError } from '../utils/isomorphic/selectorParser';
 import { parseEvaluationResultValue, source } from './isomorphic/utilityScriptSerializers';
 import type { SerializedValue } from './isomorphic/utilityScriptSerializers';
-import { kTargetClosedErrorMessage } from '../common/errors';
+import { TargetClosedError } from '../common/errors';
 
 export interface PageDelegate {
   readonly rawMouse: input.RawMouse;
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ export class Page extends SdkObject {
     this.emit(Page.Events.Close);
     this._closedPromise.resolve();
     this.instrumentation.onPageClose(this);
-    this.openScope.close(kTargetClosedErrorMessage);
+    this.openScope.close(new TargetClosedError());
   }
 
   _didCrash() {
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ export class Page extends SdkObject {
     this.emit(Page.Events.Crash);
     this._crashed = true;
     this.instrumentation.onPageClose(this);
-    this.openScope.close('Page crashed');
+    this.openScope.close(new Error('Page crashed'));
   }
 
   async _onFileChooserOpened(handle: dom.ElementHandle) {
@@ -733,7 +733,7 @@ export class Worker extends SdkObject {
     if (this._existingExecutionContext)
       this._existingExecutionContext.contextDestroyed('Worker was closed');
     this.emit(Worker.Events.Close, this);
-    this.openScope.close('Worker closed');
+    this.openScope.close(new Error('Worker closed'));
   }
 
   async evaluateExpression(expression: string, isFunction: boolean | undefined, arg: any): Promise<any> {
diff --git a/packages/playwright-core/src/utils/manualPromise.ts b/packages/playwright-core/src/utils/manualPromise.ts
index 25d47c8f4b..467b8de0db 100644
--- a/packages/playwright-core/src/utils/manualPromise.ts
+++ b/packages/playwright-core/src/utils/manualPromise.ts
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ export class ManualPromise<T = void> extends Promise<T> {
 
 export class LongStandingScope {
   private _terminateError: Error | undefined;
-  private _terminateErrorMessage: string | undefined;
+  private _closeError: Error | undefined;
   private _terminatePromises = new Map<ManualPromise<Error>, string[]>();
   private _isClosed = false;
 
@@ -69,14 +69,11 @@ export class LongStandingScope {
       p.resolve(error);
   }
 
-  close(errorMessage: string) {
+  close(error: Error) {
     this._isClosed = true;
-    this._terminateErrorMessage = errorMessage;
-    for (const [p, frames] of this._terminatePromises) {
-      const error = new Error(errorMessage);
-      error.stack = [error.name + ':' + errorMessage, ...frames].join('\n');
-      p.resolve(error);
-    }
+    this._closeError = error;
+    for (const [p, frames] of this._terminatePromises)
+      p.resolve(cloneError(error, frames));
   }
 
   isClosed() {
@@ -97,11 +94,12 @@ export class LongStandingScope {
 
   private async _race(promises: Promise<any>[], safe: boolean, defaultValue?: any): Promise<any> {
     const terminatePromise = new ManualPromise<Error>();
+    const frames = captureRawStack();
     if (this._terminateError)
       terminatePromise.resolve(this._terminateError);
-    if (this._terminateErrorMessage)
-      terminatePromise.resolve(new Error(this._terminateErrorMessage));
-    this._terminatePromises.set(terminatePromise, captureRawStack());
+    if (this._closeError)
+      terminatePromise.resolve(cloneError(this._closeError, frames));
+    this._terminatePromises.set(terminatePromise, frames);
     try {
       return await Promise.race([
         terminatePromise.then(e => safe ? defaultValue : Promise.reject(e)),
@@ -112,3 +110,11 @@ export class LongStandingScope {
     }
   }
 }
+
+function cloneError(error: Error, frames: string[]) {
+  const clone = new Error();
+  clone.name = error.name;
+  clone.message = error.message;
+  clone.stack = [error.name + ':' + error.message, ...frames].join('\n');
+  return clone;
+}