diff --git a/packages/injected/src/ariaSnapshot.ts b/packages/injected/src/ariaSnapshot.ts
index 9c87d38fc1..eb3db98855 100644
--- a/packages/injected/src/ariaSnapshot.ts
+++ b/packages/injected/src/ariaSnapshot.ts
@@ -17,17 +17,19 @@
 import { Map, Set } from '@isomorphic/builtins';
 import { escapeRegExp, longestCommonSubstring, normalizeWhiteSpace } from '@isomorphic/stringUtils';
 
-import { getElementComputedStyle, getGlobalOptions } from './domUtils';
+import { box, getElementComputedStyle, getGlobalOptions } from './domUtils';
 import * as roleUtils from './roleUtils';
 import { yamlEscapeKeyIfNeeded, yamlEscapeValueIfNeeded } from './yaml';
 
 import type { AriaProps, AriaRegex, AriaRole, AriaTemplateNode, AriaTemplateRoleNode, AriaTemplateTextNode } from '@isomorphic/ariaSnapshot';
+import type { Box } from './domUtils';
 
 export type AriaNode = AriaProps & {
   role: AriaRole | 'fragment' | 'iframe';
   name: string;
   children: (AriaNode | string)[];
   element: Element;
+  box: Box;
   props: Record<string, string>;
 };
 
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ export function generateAriaTree(rootElement: Element, generation: number, optio
   const visited = new Set<Node>();
 
   const snapshot: AriaSnapshot = {
-    root: { role: 'fragment', name: '', children: [], element: rootElement, props: {} },
+    root: { role: 'fragment', name: '', children: [], element: rootElement, props: {}, box: box(rootElement) },
     elements: new Map<number, Element>(),
     generation,
     ids: new Map<Element, number>(),
@@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ export function generateAriaTree(rootElement: Element, generation: number, optio
 
 function toAriaNode(element: Element, options?: { emitGeneric?: boolean }): AriaNode | null {
   if (element.nodeName === 'IFRAME')
-    return { role: 'iframe', name: '', children: [], props: {}, element };
+    return { role: 'iframe', name: '', children: [], props: {}, element, box: box(element) };
 
   const defaultRole = options?.emitGeneric ? 'generic' : null;
   const role = roleUtils.getAriaRole(element) ?? defaultRole;
@@ -155,7 +157,7 @@ function toAriaNode(element: Element, options?: { emitGeneric?: boolean }): Aria
     return null;
 
   const name = normalizeWhiteSpace(roleUtils.getElementAccessibleName(element, false) || '');
-  const result: AriaNode = { role, name, children: [], props: {}, element };
+  const result: AriaNode = { role, name, children: [], props: {}, element, box: box(element) };
 
   if (roleUtils.kAriaCheckedRoles.includes(role))
     result.checked = roleUtils.getAriaChecked(element);
@@ -405,7 +407,7 @@ export function renderAriaTree(ariaSnapshot: AriaSnapshot, options?: { mode?: 'r
       key += ` [pressed]`;
     if (ariaNode.selected === true)
       key += ` [selected]`;
-    if (options?.ref) {
+    if (options?.ref && ariaNode.box.visible) {
       const id = ariaSnapshot.ids.get(ariaNode.element);
       if (id)
         key += ` [ref=s${ariaSnapshot.generation}e${id}]`;
diff --git a/packages/injected/src/domUtils.ts b/packages/injected/src/domUtils.ts
index a45110231e..eb97e04a8b 100644
--- a/packages/injected/src/domUtils.ts
+++ b/packages/injected/src/domUtils.ts
@@ -104,25 +104,35 @@ export function isElementStyleVisibilityVisible(element: Element, style?: CSSSty
   return true;
 }
 
-export function isElementVisible(element: Element): boolean {
+export type Box = {
+  visible: boolean;
+  rect?: DOMRect;
+  style?: CSSStyleDeclaration;
+};
+
+export function box(element: Element): Box {
   // Note: this logic should be similar to waitForDisplayedAtStablePosition() to avoid surprises.
   const style = getElementComputedStyle(element);
   if (!style)
-    return true;
+    return { visible: true };
   if (style.display === 'contents') {
     // display:contents is not rendered itself, but its child nodes are.
     for (let child = element.firstChild; child; child = child.nextSibling) {
       if (child.nodeType === 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */ && isElementVisible(child as Element))
-        return true;
+        return { visible: true, style };
       if (child.nodeType === 3 /* Node.TEXT_NODE */ && isVisibleTextNode(child as Text))
-        return true;
+        return { visible: true, style };
     }
-    return false;
+    return { visible: false, style };
   }
   if (!isElementStyleVisibilityVisible(element, style))
-    return false;
+    return { style, visible: false };
   const rect = element.getBoundingClientRect();
-  return rect.width > 0 && rect.height > 0;
+  return { rect, style, visible: rect.width > 0 && rect.height > 0 };
+}
+
+export function isElementVisible(element: Element): boolean {
+  return box(element).visible;
 }
 
 export function isVisibleTextNode(node: Text) {
diff --git a/tests/page/page-aria-snapshot.spec.ts b/tests/page/page-aria-snapshot.spec.ts
index 809d419eec..00081b7bc8 100644
--- a/tests/page/page-aria-snapshot.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/page/page-aria-snapshot.spec.ts
@@ -731,6 +731,19 @@ it('ref mode can be used to stitch all frame snapshots', async ({ page, server }
   `.trim());
 });
 
+it('should not include hidden input elements', async ({ page }) => {
+  await page.setContent(`
+    <button>One</button>
+    <button style="width: 0; height: 0; appearance: none; border: 0; padding: 0;">Two</button>
+    <button>Three</button>
+  `);
+
+  const snapshot = await page.locator('body').ariaSnapshot({ ref: true });
+  expect(snapshot).toContain(`- button "One" [ref=s1e3]
+- button "Two"
+- button "Three" [ref=s1e5]`);
+});
+
 it('emit generic roles for nodes w/o roles', async ({ page }) => {
   await page.setContent(`
     <style>
@@ -742,21 +755,36 @@ it('emit generic roles for nodes w/o roles', async ({ page }) => {
     </style>
     <div>
       <label>
+        <span>
+          <input type="radio" value="Apple" checked="">
+        </span>
         <span>Apple</span>
       </label>
       <label>
+        <span>
+          <input type="radio" value="Pear">
+        </span>
         <span>Pear</span>
       </label>
       <label>
+        <span>
+          <input type="radio" value="Orange">
+        </span>
         <span>Orange</span>
       </label>
     </div>
   `);
 
-  const snapshot = await page.locator('body').ariaSnapshot({ emitGeneric: true });
+  const snapshot = await page.locator('body').ariaSnapshot({ ref: true, emitGeneric: true });
 
-  expect(snapshot).toContain(`- generic:
-  - generic: Apple
-  - generic: Pear
-  - generic: Orange`);
+  expect(snapshot).toContain(`- generic [ref=s1e3]:
+  - generic [ref=s1e4]:
+    - radio "Apple" [checked]
+    - text: Apple
+  - generic [ref=s1e8]:
+    - radio "Pear"
+    - text: Pear
+  - generic [ref=s1e12]:
+    - radio "Orange"
+    - text: Orange`);
 });