diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md index 2d4d5e980..cdcddbc20 100644 --- a/CHANGELOG.md +++ b/CHANGELOG.md @@ -1,7 +1,10 @@ -## 0.7.5-dev0 +## 0.7.5-dev1 ### Enhancements +* Adds functionality to sort elements in `partition_pdf` for `fast` strategy +* Adds ingest tests with `--fast` strategy on PDF documents + ### Features ### Fixes diff --git a/docker/ubuntu-22/Dockerfile b/docker/ubuntu-22/Dockerfile index e224d3654..fd41a2dce 100644 --- a/docker/ubuntu-22/Dockerfile +++ b/docker/ubuntu-22/Dockerfile @@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ RUN source ~/.bashrc && pyenv virtualenv 3.8.15 unstructured && \ make install-ingest-azure && \ make install-ingest-github && \ make install-ingest-gitlab && \ - make install-ingest-wikipedia && \ + make install-ingest-wikipedia && \ make install-ingest-discord && \ make install install-ingest-slack diff --git a/scripts/ingest-test-fixtures-update.sh b/scripts/ingest-test-fixtures-update.sh index 4c2681ea4..bddcbdfbc 100755 --- a/scripts/ingest-test-fixtures-update.sh +++ b/scripts/ingest-test-fixtures-update.sh @@ -51,4 +51,5 @@ docker run --rm -v "$SCRIPT_DIR"/../unstructured:/root/unstructured \ ./test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-biomed-api.sh && ./test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-biomed-path.sh && ./test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-s3.sh && - ./test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-slack.sh" + ./test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-slack.sh && + ./test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-pdf-fast-reprocess.sh" diff --git a/test_unstructured/partition/test_pdf.py b/test_unstructured/partition/test_pdf.py index 2f9b699d2..9201dc5e0 100644 --- a/test_unstructured/partition/test_pdf.py +++ b/test_unstructured/partition/test_pdf.py @@ -475,11 +475,11 @@ def test_partition_pdf_fast_groups_text_in_text_box(): assert str(elements[1]).endswith("Jordan and Egypt.") assert elements[3] == Title( - "kilograms CO₂e/boe carbon intensity from our Eastern Mediterranean operations in 2022", + "1st", coordinates=( - (69.4871, 222.4357), - (69.4871, 272.1607), - (197.8209, 272.1607), - (197.8209, 222.4357), + (273.9929, 181.16470000000004), + (273.9929, 226.16470000000004), + (333.59990000000005, 226.16470000000004), + (333.59990000000005, 181.16470000000004), ), ) diff --git a/test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess/azure/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf.json b/test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess/azure/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..984b10e4a --- /dev/null +++ b/test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess/azure/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf.json @@ -0,0 +1,252 @@ +[ + { + "element_id": "611cb5b35c8277f981fe5faaaab7b1a5", + "text": "Core Skills for Biomedical Data Scientists", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "64b2134f054446d473fce1b05d4d4c94", + "text": "Maryam Zaringhalam, PhD, AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellow", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "a6f2309aca564ada03b7ef16e5d0e9ab", + "text": "Lisa Federer, MLIS, Data Science Training Coordinator", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "7f56b84c46cb41ebdcec2c9ac8673d72", + "text": "Michael F. Huerta, PhD, Associate Director of NLM for Program Development and NLM Coordinator of Data Science and Open Science Initiatives", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "53d548aa01fc3eb72da15a5be7f235e2", + "text": "Executive Summary", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f14031943b3f1e34dcfc27bf02c38c09", + "text": "This report provides recommendations for a minimal set of core skills for biomedical data scientists based on analysis that draws on opinions of data scientists, curricula for existing biomedical data science programs, and requirements for biomedical data science jobs. Suggested high-level core skills include:", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "8f90f5970c85f335b1bf50af611ce5c5", + "text": "1. General biomedical subject matter knowledge: biomedical data scientists should have a general working knowledge of the principles of biology, bioinformatics, and basic clinical science;", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d1a5bb898aee8de0fbdf048c7a9fb01d", + "text": "2. Programming language expertise: biomedical data scientists should be fluent in at", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "18e42d24d6449a9b52fc65fc3f9710b4", + "text": "least one programming language (typically R and/or Python);", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "c6be5389b7bd00746d39b7bac468dea0", + "text": "3. Predictive analytics, modeling, and machine learning: while a range of statistical methods may be useful, predictive analytics, modeling, and machine learning emerged as especially important skills in biomedical data science;", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "1b8039583cbc15f654c89f2141eb6e10", + "text": "4. Team science and scientific communication: “soft” skills, like the ability to work well on teams and communicate effectively in both verbal and written venues, may be as important as the more technical skills typically associated with data science.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "2f87757b1d497a32c077be543632ed7d", + "text": "5. Responsible data stewardship: a successful data scientist must be able to implement best practices for data management and stewardship, as well as conduct research in an ethical manner that maintains data security and privacy.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "34b28172088bba51c6764df6d4e87674", + "text": "The report further details specific skills and expertise relevant to biomedical data scientists.", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "89b1f4c3df983454e25b233320781610", + "text": "Motivation", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "5e3d4670749a0f3753fa4bb1b328d156", + "text": "Training a biomedical data science (BDS) workforce is a central theme in NLM’s Strategic Plan for the coming decade. That commitment is echoed in the NIH-wide Big Data to Knowledge (BD2K) initiative, which invested $61 million between FY2014 and FY2017 in training programs for the development and use of biomedical big data science methods and tools. In line with", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "68431de56564c6ad6aa3e6c02b78c89c", + "text": "Core Skills for Biomedical Data Scientists _____________________________________________________________________________________________", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "4c5f925a7db08289f19dbe8635d8b4cd", + "text": "this commitment, a recent report to the NLM Director recommended working across NIH to identify and develop core skills required of a biomedical data scientist to consistency across the cohort of NIH-trained data scientists. This report provides a set of recommended core skills based on analysis of current BD2K-funded training programs, biomedical data science job ads, and practicing members of the current data science workforce.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f26d07e6b71e42596791a241e2417931", + "text": "Methodology", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "bcefa2402c4d32dbf76a40451d0fc3dd", + "text": "The Workforce Excellence team took a three-pronged approach to identifying core skills required of a biomedical data scientist (BDS), drawing from:", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "a24acaf1cb5d6f8a0a0af0e81949765b", + "text": "a) Responses to a 2017 Kaggle1 survey2 of over 16,000 self-identified data scientists working across many industries. Analysis of the Kaggle survey responses from the current data science workforce provided insights into the current generation of data scientists, including how they were trained and what programming and analysis skills they use.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "8b344c7a03b0e90a794d3c4dd7de87d4", + "text": "b) Data science skills taught in BD2K-funded training programs. A qualitative content analysis was applied to the descriptions of required courses offered under the 12 BD2K-funded training programs. Each course was coded using qualitative data analysis software, with each skill that was present in the description counted once. The coding schema of data science-related skills was inductively developed and was organized into four major categories: (1) statistics and math skills; (2) computer science; (3) subject knowledge; (4) general skills, like communication and teamwork. The coding schema is detailed in Appendix A.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6934158451634cb4c2a470b7734d29f6", + "text": "c) Desired skills identified from data science-related job ads. 59 job ads from government (8.5%), academia (42.4%), industry (33.9%), and the nonprofit sector (15.3%) were sampled from websites like Glassdoor, Linkedin, and Ziprecruiter. The content analysis methodology and coding schema utilized in analyzing the training programs were applied to the job descriptions. Because many job ads mentioned the same skill more than once, each occurrence of the skill was coded, therefore weighting important skills that were mentioned multiple times in a single ad.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "91da3a0694b9cdc01c32e1d3071f3941", + "text": "Analysis of the above data provided insights into the current state of biomedical data science training, as well as a view into data science-related skills likely to be needed to prepare the BDS workforce to succeed in the future. Together, these analyses informed recommendations for core skills necessary for a competitive biomedical data scientist.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f39ddfa6365e505947527153b0ea60d8", + "text": "1 Kaggle is an online community for data scientists, serving as a platform for collaboration, competition, and learning: http://kaggle.com 2 In August 2017, Kaggle conducted an industry-wide survey to gain a clearer picture of the state of data science and machine learning. A standard set of questions were asked of all respondents, with more specific questions related to work for employed data scientists and questions related to learning for data scientists in training. Methodology and results: https://www.kaggle.com/kaggle/kaggle-survey-2017", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d4735e3a265e16eee03f59718b9b5d03", + "text": "2", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + } +] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess/azure/IRS-form-1987.pdf.json b/test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess/azure/IRS-form-1987.pdf.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0637a088a --- /dev/null +++ b/test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess/azure/IRS-form-1987.pdf.json @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +[] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess/s3/small-pdf-set/2023-Jan-economic-outlook.pdf.json b/test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess/s3/small-pdf-set/2023-Jan-economic-outlook.pdf.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..947508290 --- /dev/null +++ b/test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess/s3/small-pdf-set/2023-Jan-economic-outlook.pdf.json @@ -0,0 +1,2522 @@ +[ + { + "element_id": "30537dddb2f7525b398da1b2dfcf0255", + "text": "INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "86ea6f300d673f87f5841379f956e24d", + "text": "WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK UPDATE Inflation Peaking amid Low Growth", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "98e636ffa4ea25e037f659685a56f41d", + "text": "2023 JAN", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "85e4ff3addb38328ecc08ec49759def7", + "text": "Inflation Peaking amid Low Growth", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f1d5f4ed63a14db581e985bf15416cdd", + "text": "Global growth is projected to fall from an estimated 3.4 percent in 2022 to 2.9 percent in 2023, then rise to 3.1 percent in 2024. The forecast for 2023 is 0.2 percentage point higher than predicted in the October 2022 World Economic Outlook (WEO) but below the historical (2000–19) average of 3.8 percent. The rise in central bank rates to fight inflation and Russia’s war in Ukraine continue to weigh on economic activity. The rapid spread of COVID-19 in China dampened growth in 2022, but the recent reopening has paved the way for a faster-than-expected recovery. Global inflation is expected to fall from 8.8 percent in 2022 to 6.6 percent in 2023 and 4.3 percent in 2024, still above pre-pandemic (2017–19) levels of about 3.5 percent.", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "c4e0168ffab999611a92e8ebd8fe48a9", + "text": "The balance of risks remains tilted to the downside, but adverse risks have moderated since the October 2022", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "74180a93b38b6808f8cff7439e5d16d2", + "text": "WEO. On the upside, a stronger boost from pent-up demand in numerous economies or a faster fall in inflation are plausible. On the downside, severe health outcomes in China could hold back the recovery, Russia’s war in Ukraine could escalate, and tighter global financing conditions could worsen debt distress. Financial markets could also suddenly reprice in response to adverse inflation news, while further geopolitical fragmentation could hamper economic progress.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "5e9b501fc056965a744f6598d022f31d", + "text": "In most economies, amid the cost-of-living crisis, the priority remains achieving sustained disinflation. With", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "9f5a3fe548f011e304fda9067caa0824", + "text": "tighter monetary conditions and lower growth potentially affecting financial and debt stability, it is necessary to deploy macroprudential tools and strengthen debt restructuring frameworks. Accelerating COVID-19 vaccinations in China would safeguard the recovery, with positive cross-border spillovers. Fiscal support should be better targeted at those most affected by elevated food and energy prices, and broad-based fiscal relief measures should be withdrawn. Stronger multilateral cooperation is essential to preserve the gains from the rules-based multilateral system and to mitigate climate change by limiting emissions and raising green investment.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "968162aa6cdc3927ef2b11bb03cdeb45", + "text": "The global fight against inflation, Russia’s war in Ukraine, and a resurgence of COVID-19 in China weighed on global economic activity in 2022, and the first two factors will continue to do so in 2023.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "b2b4b36d4bf515115275d355aead0006", + "text": "Despite these headwinds, real GDP was surprisingly strong in the third quarter of 2022 in numerous economies, including the United States, the euro area, and major emerging market and developing economies. The sources of these surprises were in many cases domestic: stronger-than-expected private consumption and investment amid tight labor markets and greater-than-anticipated fiscal support. Households spent more to satisfy pent-up demand, particularly on services, partly by drawing down their stock of savings as economies reopened. Business investment rose to meet demand. On the supply side, easing bottlenecks and declining transportation costs reduced pressures on input prices and allowed for a rebound in previously constrained sectors, such as motor vehicles. Energy markets have adjusted faster than expected to the shock from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "dff01c1978409b9a513db147290948f8", + "text": "In the fourth quarter of 2022, however, this uptick is estimated to have faded in most—though not all––major economies. US growth remains stronger than expected, with consumers continuing to spend from their stock of savings (the personal saving rate is at its lowest in more than 60 years, except for July 2005), unemployment near historic lows, and plentiful job opportunities. But elsewhere, high-frequency activity indicators (such as business and consumer sentiment, purchasing manager surveys, and mobility indicators) generally point to a slowdown.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "19ccdb0593ee86b14412348a6ec7f71b", + "text": "COVID-19 deepens China’s slowdown. Economic activity in China slowed in the fourth quarter amid multiple large COVID-19 outbreaks in Beijing and other densely populated localities. Renewed lockdowns accompanied the outbreaks until the relaxation of COVID-19 restrictions in November and December, which paved the way for a full reopening. Real estate investment continued to contract, and developer restructuring is proceeding slowly, amid the lingering property market crisis. Developers have yet to deliver on a large backlog of presold housing, and downward pressure is building on house prices (so far limited by home price floors). The authorities have responded with additional monetary and fiscal policy easing, new vaccination targets for the elderly, and steps to support the completion of unfinished real estate projects. However, consumer and business sentiment remained subdued in late 2022. China’s slowdown has reduced global trade growth and international commodity prices.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "c140ad5c30b6075c1a553eddacd8eca5", + "text": "Monetary policy starts to bite. Signs are apparent that monetary policy tightening is starting to cool demand and inflation, but the full impact is unlikely to be realized before 2024. Global headline inflation appears to have peaked in the third quarter of 2022 (Figure 1). Prices of fuel and nonfuel commodities have declined, lowering headline inflation, notably in the United States, the euro area, and Latin America. But underlying (core) inflation has not yet peaked in most economies and remains well above pre-pandemic levels. It has persisted amid second-round effects from earlier cost shocks and tight labor markets with robust wage growth as consumer demand has remained resilient. Medium-term inflation expectations generally remain anchored, but some gauges are up. These developments have caused central banks to raise rates faster than expected, especially in the United States and the euro area, and to signal that rates will stay elevated for longer. Core inflation is declining in some economies that have completed their tightening cycle—such as Brazil. Financial markets are displaying high sensitivity to inflation news, with equity markets rising following recent releases of lower inflation data in anticipation of interest rate cuts (Box 1), despite central banks’ communicating their resolve to tighten policy further. With the peak in US headline inflation and an acceleration in rate hikes by several non-US central banks, the dollar has weakened since September but remains significantly stronger than a year ago.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "0cce65035ca66e9be782c845ddd606e2", + "text": "Figure 1. Twin Peaks? Headline and Core Inflation (Percent, year over year)", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "323d79e74460eda1fb0f8d55a2e0ff42", + "text": "Median country Brazil", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "49dca65f362fee401292ed7ada96f962", + "text": "United States", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "007b2203e9e86a49c3108e9ffd16fbbc", + "text": "Euro area", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "808caaef5b114d874a25b7fec21b5516", + "text": "18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 –2", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "63e35649dd179389ecc7251e1503489a", + "text": "1. Headline Inflation", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "c7c72889cb49cf43d9bd1f892db1be2c", + "text": "Jan. 2019", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "646612b0a62b59fd13be769b4590a9ac", + "text": "Jul. 19", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "7a4f82ed474f82c26a8b867becaf89ba", + "text": "Jan. 20", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6d2f5e3c057e12c92023d5501c3fd075", + "text": "Jul. 20", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f4a93992a1b09b3fa6200542fd6fde5a", + "text": "Jan. 21", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "81db94f58819ee2fd6c05ddef2082ccc", + "text": "Jul. 21", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "babfe67b3ecc6b32db9adb9da08274bf", + "text": "Jan. 22", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "82debf5a182b9b394ad3a9d584a870ef", + "text": "Jul. 22", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "cc874418b59b7ecb37a2c938783fb5ce", + "text": "Nov. 22", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "c2c7be4534a60790d1d18451c91dc138", + "text": "16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "b790ab5fcad28bbedb50b568b3adeca2", + "text": "2. Core Inflation", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "28a5aa3897d66de6c31caba99a4c337e", + "text": "–2", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "c7c72889cb49cf43d9bd1f892db1be2c", + "text": "Jan. 2019", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "646612b0a62b59fd13be769b4590a9ac", + "text": "Jul. 19", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "7a4f82ed474f82c26a8b867becaf89ba", + "text": "Jan. 20", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6d2f5e3c057e12c92023d5501c3fd075", + "text": "Jul. 20", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f4a93992a1b09b3fa6200542fd6fde5a", + "text": "Jan. 21", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "81db94f58819ee2fd6c05ddef2082ccc", + "text": "Jul. 21", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "babfe67b3ecc6b32db9adb9da08274bf", + "text": "Jan. 22", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "82debf5a182b9b394ad3a9d584a870ef", + "text": "Jul. 22", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "cc874418b59b7ecb37a2c938783fb5ce", + "text": "Nov. 22", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e26dceaba57a5f670d91ac170e8706d1", + "text": "Sources: Haver Analytics; and IMF staff calculations. Note: The figure shows the developments in headline and core inflation across 18 advanced economies and 17 emerging market and developing economies. Core inflation is the change in prices for goods and services, but excluding those for food and energy (or the closest available measure). For the euro area (and other European countries for which the data are available), energy, food, alcohol, and tobacco are excluded. The gray bands depict the 10th to 90th percentiles of inflation across economies.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "506812d46204b2b93ab35f1a71755819", + "text": "Winter comes to Europe. European economic growth in 2022 was more resilient than expected in the face of the large negative terms-of-trade shock from the war in Ukraine. This resilience––which is", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "32743006cd939bf08edd7aa3219e68b7", + "text": "visible in consumption and investment data for the third quarter––partly reflects government support of about 1.2 percent of European Union GDP (net budgetary cost) to households and firms hit by the energy crisis, as well as dynamism from economies reopening. Gas prices have declined by more than expected amid higher non-Russian pipeline and liquefied natural gas flows, compression of demand for gas, and a warmer-than-usual winter. However, the boost from reopening appears to be fading. High-frequency indicators for the fourth quarter suggest that the manufacturing and services sectors are contracting. Consumer confidence and business sentiment have worsened. With inflation at about 10 percent or above in several euro area countries and the United Kingdom, household budgets remain stretched. The accelerated pace of rate increases by the Bank of England and the European Central Bank is tightening financial conditions and cooling demand in the housing sector and beyond.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "ca2f8e460c0041cff505ffb1954655db", + "text": "Global growth, estimated at 3.4 percent in 2022, is projected to fall to 2.9 percent in 2023 before rising to 3.1 percent in 2024 (Table 1). Compared with the October forecast, the estimate for 2022 and the forecast for 2023 are both higher by about 0.2 percentage point, reflecting positive surprises and greater-than-expected resilience in numerous economies. Negative growth in global GDP or global GDP per capita—which often happens when there is a global recession—is not expected. Nevertheless, global growth projected for 2023 and 2024 is below the historical (2000–19) annual average of 3.8 percent.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e1af971402d72d253048e50c84e1c3f0", + "text": "The forecast of low growth in 2023 reflects the rise in central bank rates to fight inflation–– especially in advanced economies––as well as the war in Ukraine. The decline in growth in 2023 from 2022 is driven by advanced economies; in emerging market and developing economies, growth is estimated to have bottomed out in 2022. Growth is expected to pick up in China with the full reopening in 2023. The expected pickup in 2024 in both groups of economies reflects gradual recovery from the effects of the war in Ukraine and subsiding inflation. Following the path of global demand, world trade growth is expected to decline in 2023 to 2.4 percent, despite an easing of supply bottlenecks, before rising to 3.4 percent in 2024.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "29f7da43c21b67ccf73a6d82aaf2f37d", + "text": "These forecasts are based on a number of assumptions, including on fuel and nonfuel commodity prices, which have generally been revised down since October, and on interest rates, which have been revised up. In 2023, oil prices are projected to fall by about 16 percent, while nonfuel commodity prices are expected to fall by, on average, 6.3 percent. Global interest rate assumptions are revised up, reflecting intensified actual and signaled policy tightening by major central banks since October.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "a66ad6a891a98004d235816ccb6f798a", + "text": "For advanced economies, growth is projected to decline sharply from 2.7 percent in 2022 to 1.2 percent in 2023 before rising to 1.4 percent in 2024, with a downward revision of 0.2 percentage point for 2024. About 90 percent of advanced economies are projected to see a decline in growth in 2023.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb924", + "text": "", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e8461ba4bbf4110ce195ca03366ae1f0", + "text": "In the United States, growth is projected to fall from 2.0 percent in 2022 to 1.4 percent in 2023 and 1.0 percent in 2024. With growth rebounding in the second half of 2024, growth in 2024 will be faster than in 2023 on a fourth-quarter-over-fourth-quarter basis, as in most advanced", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "70f05b9620aa1b7236058898e7e59192", + "text": "economies. There is a 0.4 percentage point upward revision for annual growth in 2023, reflecting carryover effects from domestic demand resilience in 2022, but a 0.2 percentage point downward revision of growth in 2024 due to the steeper path of Federal Reserve rate hikes, to a peak of about 5.1 percent in 2023.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "fd6c549473e196512c076844988f465c", + "text": "Growth in the euro area is projected to bottom out at 0.7 percent in 2023 before rising to 1.6", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "cdcaed7d1296edd658256d603cb3828c", + "text": "percent in 2024. The 0.2 percentage point upward revision to the forecast for 2023 reflects the effects of faster rate hikes by the European Central Bank and eroding real incomes, offset by the carryover from the 2022 outturn, lower wholesale energy prices, and additional announcements of fiscal purchasing power support in the form of energy price controls and cash transfers.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "3be6554964c172468cceaee89294f59d", + "text": "Growth in the United Kingdom is projected to be –0.6 percent in 2023, a 0.9 percentage point", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "7e32067b6a4662d72b1244a3aac91be5", + "text": "downward revision from October, reflecting tighter fiscal and monetary policies and financial conditions and still-high energy retail prices weighing on household budgets.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "b24771387a5318eeda21adaa49629186", + "text": "Growth in Japan is projected to rise to 1.8 percent in 2023, with continued monetary and fiscal", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f8b94e8d9a593a1debae96fce2040db7", + "text": "policy support. High corporate profits from a depreciated yen and earlier delays in implementing previous projects will support business investment. In 2024, growth is expected to decline to 0.9 percent as the effects of past stimulus dissipate.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "ad7ee60befc68a0200bb75d81828b2d2", + "text": "For emerging market and developing economies, growth is projected to rise modestly, from 3.9 percent in 2022 to 4.0 percent in 2023 and 4.2 percent in 2024, with an upward revision of 0.3 percentage point for 2023 and a downward revision of 0.1 percentage point for 2024. About half of emerging market and developing economies have lower growth in 2023 than in 2022.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "2ba41350ae3c684802f0e2b785c2d11b", + "text": "Growth in emerging and developing Asia is expected to rise in 2023 and 2024 to 5.3 percent and 5.2", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "237bc02ecaaf27f074be0c466b31cc09", + "text": "percent, respectively, after the deeper-than-expected slowdown in 2022 to 4.3 percent attributable to China’s economy. China’s real GDP slowdown in the fourth quarter of 2022 implies a 0.2 percentage point downgrade for 2022 growth to 3.0 percent—the first time in more than 40 years with China’s growth below the global average. Growth in China is projected to rise to 5.2 percent in 2023, reflecting rapidly improving mobility, and to fall to 4.5 percent in 2024 before settling at below 4 percent over the medium term amid declining business dynamism and slow progress on structural reforms. Growth in India is set to decline from 6.8 percent in 2022 to 6.1 percent in 2023 before picking up to 6.8 percent in 2024, with resilient domestic demand despite external headwinds. Growth in the ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) is similarly projected to slow to 4.3 percent in 2023 and then pick up to 4.7 percent in 2024.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "afde979c99a73646915fe253c85c5a9c", + "text": "Growth in emerging and developing Europe is projected to have bottomed out in 2022 at 0.7 percent and, since the October forecast, has been revised up for 2023 by 0.9 percentage point to 1.5 percent. This reflects a smaller economic contraction in Russia in 2022 (estimated at –2.2 percent compared with a predicted –3.4 percent) followed by modestly positive growth in 2023. At the current oil price cap level of the Group of Seven, Russian crude oil export volumes are not expected to be significantly affected, with Russian trade continuing to be redirected from sanctioning to non-sanctioning countries. In Latin America and the Caribbean, growth is projected to decline from 3.9 percent in 2022 to 1.8 percent in 2023, with an upward revision for 2023 of 0.1 percentage point since October. The forecast revision reflects upgrades of 0.2 percentage point for Brazil and 0.5 percentage point for Mexico due to unexpected domestic demand resilience, higher-than-expected growth in", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb924", + "text": "", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e7a8e30d6d49ffbca56f87cd6883c9a0", + "text": "major trading partner economies, and in Brazil, greater-than-expected fiscal support. Growth in the region is projected to rise to 2.1 percent in 2024, although with a downward revision of 0.3 percentage point, reflecting tighter financial conditions, lower prices of exported commodities, and downward revisions to trading partner growth.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "25e2f1dc031b5421b8a234945098e58b", + "text": "Growth in the Middle East and Central Asia is projected to decline from 5.3 percent in 2022 to 3.2 percent in 2023, with a downward revision of 0.4 percentage point since October, mainly attributable to a steeper-than-expected growth slowdown in Saudi Arabia, from 8.7 percent in 2022 (which was stronger than expected by 1.1 percentage points) to 2.6 percent in 2023, with a negative revision of 1.1 percentage points. The downgrade for 2023 reflects mainly lower oil production in line with an agreement through OPEC+ (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, including Russia and other non-OPEC oil exporters), while non-oil growth is expected to remain robust. In sub-Saharan Africa, growth is projected to remain moderate at 3.8 percent in 2023 amid prolonged fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic, although with a modest upward revision since October, before picking up to 4.1 percent in 2024. The small upward revision for 2023 (0.1 percentage point) reflects Nigeria’s rising growth in 2023 due to measures to address insecurity issues in the oil sector. In South Africa, by contrast, after a COVID-19 reopening rebound in 2022, projected growth more than halves in 2023, to 1.2 percent, reflecting weaker external demand, power shortages, and structural constraints.", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb924", + "text": "", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "8ffcfc8eb8488c2cca522b99de891877", + "text": "About 84 percent of countries are expected to have lower headline (consumer price index) inflation in 2023 than in 2022. Global inflation is set to fall from 8.8 percent in 2022 (annual average) to 6.6 percent in 2023 and 4.3 percent in 2024––above pre-pandemic (2017–19) levels of about 3.5 percent. The projected disinflation partly reflects declining international fuel and nonfuel commodity prices due to weaker global demand. It also reflects the cooling effects of monetary policy tightening on underlying (core) inflation, which globally is expected to decline from 6.9 percent in the fourth quarter of 2022 (year over year) to 4.5 percent by the fourth quarter of 2023. Still, disinflation will take time: by 2024, projected annual average headline and core inflation will, respectively, still be above pre-pandemic levels in 82 percent and 86 percent of economies.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "aef60cefeb4014893b92bb827a7bd5cb", + "text": "In advanced economies, annual average inflation is projected to decline from 7.3 percent in 2022 to 4.6 percent in 2023 and 2.6 percent in 2024––above target in several cases. In emerging market and developing economies, projected annual inflation declines from 9.9 percent in 2022 to 8.1 percent in 2023 and 5.5 percent in 2024, above the 4.9 percent pre-pandemic (2017–19) average. In low-income developing countries, inflation is projected to moderate from 14.2 percent in 2022 to 8.6 percent in 2024––still high, but close to the pre-pandemic average.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d0b0eab9a9d006919b637a5aba9e4d5c", + "text": "The balance of risks to the global outlook remains tilted to the downside, with scope for lower growth and higher inflation, but adverse risks have moderated since the October 2022 World Economic Outlook.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "8f81c653cbf1334344d3063cb9f4de04", + "text": "Table 1. Overview of the World Economic Outlook Projections (Percent change, unless noted otherwise)", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d11a1c04bd3a9891350b4bd94104df58", + "text": "Year over Year", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "aa22eb2e58c7cf45c528550d68e15c51", + "text": "Difference from October 2022", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "8c327a62ae0e925498f5c68b819b32b4", + "text": "Q4 over Q4 2/", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "1968c7f7ac8a3b0483f733357bb50b16", + "text": "WEO Projections 1/", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": 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"application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "46c8e0c55b163d73d3d2766be8d1bf8d", + "text": "Note: Real effective exchange rates are assumed to remain constant at the levels prevailing during October 26, 2022--November 23, 2022. Economies are listed on the basis of economic size. The aggregated quarterly data are seasonally adjusted. WEO = World Economic Outlook. 1/ Difference based on rounded figures for the current and October 2022 WEO forecasts. Countries whose forecasts have been updated relative to October 2022 WEO forecasts account for approximately 90 percent of world GDP measured at purchasing-power-parity weights. 2/ For World Output (Emerging Market and Developing Economies), the quarterly estimates and projections account for approximately 90 percent (80 percent) of annual world (emerging market and developing economies') output at purchasing-power-parity weights. 3/ Excludes the Group of Seven (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States) and euro area countries. 4/ For India, data and projections are presented on a fiscal year basis, with FY 2022/23 (starting in April 2022) shown in the 2022 column. India's growth projections are 5.4 percent in 2023 and 6.8 percent in 2024 based on calendar year. 5/ Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand. 6/ Simple average of growth rates for export and import volumes (goods and services). 7/ Simple average of prices of UK Brent, Dubai Fateh, and West Texas Intermediate crude oil. The average assumed price of oil in US dollars a barrel, based on futures markets (as of November 29, 2022), is $81.13 in 2023 and $75.36 in 2024. 8/ Excludes Venezuela. 9/ The inflation rate for the euro area is 5.7% in 2023 and 3.3% in 2024, that for Japan is 2.8% in 2023 and 2.0% in 2024, and that for the United States is 4.0% in 2023 and 2.2% in 2024.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "7ceb88ebed64c26e9b1fe8e6c280a2f0", + "text": "Upside risks—Plausible upside risks include more favorable surprises to domestic spending—as in the third quarter of 2022—which, however, would increase inflation further. At the same time, there is room for an upside scenario with lower-than-expected inflation and less monetary tightening:", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "cf20f95904c591b6ac4ccd5d43fa8a98", + "text": "Pent-up demand boost: Fueled by the stock of excess private savings from the pandemic fiscal", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "814da89798a14bd42df7575af3ffee55", + "text": "support and, in many cases, still-tight labor markets and solid wage growth, pent-up demand remains an upside risk to the growth outlook. In some advanced economies, recent data show that households are still on net adding to their stock of excess savings (as in some euro area countries and the United Kingdom) or have ample savings left (as in the United States). This leaves scope for a further boost to consumption—particularly of services, including tourism.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d379a79a55cecddeed62b21eb6a0ff00", + "text": "However, the boost to demand could stoke core inflation, leading to even tighter monetary policies and a stronger-than-expected slowdown later on. Pent-up demand could also fuel a stronger rebound in China.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "2bbe57e6c291db638d3fcddca9e0199a", + "text": "Faster disinflation: An easing in labor market pressures in some advanced economies due to", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "3f9155fad634c620bd9b820132e20935", + "text": "falling vacancies could cool wage inflation without necessarily increasing unemployment. A sharp fall in the prices of goods, as consumers shift back to services, could further push down inflation. Such developments could imply a “softer” landing with less monetary tightening.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "a2f806b25a06969405637298b4c85139", + "text": "Downside risks—Numerous downside risks continue to weigh on the global outlook, lowering growth while, in a number of cases, adding further to inflation:", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "90a90e12a4c6b8b74d3c8d20a76f22dc", + "text": "China’s recovery stalling: Amid still-low population immunity levels and insufficient hospital", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "692a9a6c2925baa45a1884cbfe510240", + "text": "capacity, especially outside the major urban areas, significant health consequences could hamper the recovery. A deepening crisis in the real estate market remains a major source of vulnerability, with risks of widespread defaults by developers and resulting financial sector instability. Spillovers to the rest of the world would operate primarily through lower demand and potentially renewed supply chain problems.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "42ac57e394bf7c98d908745cefce0b80", + "text": "War in Ukraine escalating: An escalation of the war in Ukraine remains a major source of", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "fdb59d523afa92db3942dabc88d94fc4", + "text": "vulnerability, particularly for Europe and lower-income countries. Europe is facing lower-than- anticipated gas prices, having stored enough gas to make shortages unlikely this winter. However, refilling storage with much-diminished Russian flows will be challenging ahead of next winter, particularly if it is a very cold one and China’s energy demand picks up, causing price spikes. A possible increase in food prices from a failed extension of the Black Sea grain initiative would put further pressure on lower-income countries that are experiencing food insecurity and have limited budgetary room to cushion the impact on households and businesses. With elevated food and fuel prices, social unrest may increase.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "2d14934d52ff357c52e9ae1c38f7390e", + "text": "Debt distress: Since October, sovereign spreads for emerging market and developing economies have modestly declined on the back of an easing in global financial conditions (Box 1) and dollar depreciation. About 15 percent of low-income countries are estimated to be in debt distress, with an additional 45 percent at high risk of debt distress and about 25 percent of emerging market economies also at high risk. The combination of high debt levels from the pandemic, lower growth, and higher borrowing costs exacerbates the vulnerability of these economies, especially those with significant near-term dollar financing needs. Inflation persisting: Persistent labor market tightness could translate into stronger-than-expected wage growth. Higher-than-expected oil, gas, and food prices from the war in Ukraine or from a faster rebound in China’s growth could again raise headline inflation and pass through into underlying inflation. Such developments could cause inflation expectations to de-anchor and require an even tighter monetary policy.", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb924", + "text": "", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "33ccff3014b460178e62d9c8021fd728", + "text": "Sudden financial market repricing: A premature easing in financial conditions in response to lower headline inflation data could complicate anti-inflation policies and necessitate additional monetary tightening. For the same reason, unfavorable inflation data releases could trigger sudden repricing of assets and increase volatility in financial markets. Such movements could strain liquidity and the functioning of critical markets, with ripple effects on the real economy.", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "75bd22ee0ba778cc3a616ed0a9b42292", + "text": "Geopolitical fragmentation: The war in Ukraine and the related international sanctions aimed at  pressuring Russia to end hostilities are splitting the world economy into blocs and reinforcing", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "810e5a86eae657e179ac8da86f317a62", + "text": "earlier geopolitical tensions, such as those associated with the US-China trade dispute.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "35514c59b45fbe18e13b3072e41ec0d4", + "text": "Fragmentation could intensify—with more restrictions on cross-border movements of capital, workers, and international payments—and could hamper multilateral cooperation on providing global public goods.1 The costs of such fragmentation are especially high in the short term, as replacing disrupted cross-border flows takes time.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d2794ce8937fad1987c3f198850350c9", + "text": "Securing global disinflation: For most economies, the priority remains achieving a sustained reduction in inflation toward target levels. Raising real policy rates and keeping them above their neutral levels until underlying inflation is clearly declining would ward off risks of inflation expectations de- anchoring. Clear central bank communication and appropriate reactions to shifts in the data will help keep inflation expectations anchored and lessen wage and price pressures. Central banks’ balance sheets will need to be unwound carefully, amid market liquidity risks. Gradual and steady fiscal tightening would contribute to cooling demand and limit the burden on monetary policy in the fight against inflation. In countries where output remains below potential and inflation is in check, maintaining monetary and fiscal accommodation may be appropriate.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6a6821a036952feacc8adf67dad86301", + "text": "Containing the reemergence of COVID-19: Addressing the ongoing pandemic requires coordinated efforts to boost vaccination and medicine access in countries where coverage remains low as well as the deployment of pandemic preparedness measures—including a global push toward sequencing and sharing data. In China, focusing vaccination efforts on vulnerable groups and maintaining sufficiently high coverage of boosters and antiviral medicines would minimize the risks of severe health outcomes and safeguard the recovery, with favorable cross-border spillovers.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "1e084ea6e8177e55fa934f29543f6f6b", + "text": "Ensuring financial stability: Depending on country circumstances, macroprudential tools can be used to tackle pockets of elevated financial sector vulnerabilities. Monitoring housing sector developments and conducting stress tests in economies where house prices have increased significantly over the past few years are warranted. In China, central government action to resolve the property crisis and reduce the risk of spillovers to financial stability and growth is a priority, including by strengthening temporary mechanisms to protect presale homebuyers from the risk of non-delivery and by restructuring troubled developers. Globally, financial sector regulations introduced after the global financial crisis have contributed to the resilience of banking sectors throughout the pandemic, but there is a need to address data and supervisory gaps in the less-regulated nonbank financial sector, where risks may have built up inconspicuously. Recent turmoil in the crypto space also highlights the urgent need to introduce common standards and reinforce oversight of crypto assets.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f4e4cb4459e157a2d66aec36ba0652a2", + "text": "Restoring debt sustainability: Lower growth and higher borrowing costs have raised public debt ratios in several economies. Where debt is unsustainable, implementing restructuring or reprofiling early on as part of a package of reforms (including fiscal consolidation and growth-enhancing supply-side reforms) can avert the need for more disruptive adjustment later.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e572c3cf8978f18b38aa0b661e50b89f", + "text": "Supporting the vulnerable: The surge in global energy and food prices triggered a cost-of-living crisis. Governments acted swiftly with support to households and firms, which helped cushion effects on growth and at times limited the pass-through from energy prices to headline inflation through price", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "40430ee7d1dc6b176a60b88df18a66c9", + "text": "1 See “Geo-Economic Fragmentation and the Future of Multilateralism,” IMF Staff Discussion Note 2023/001.", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "1344e770221822b381fb428d9390a446", + "text": "controls. The temporary and broad-based measures are becoming increasingly costly and should be withdrawn and replaced by targeted approaches. Preserving the energy price signal will encourage a reduction in energy consumption and limit the risks of shortages. Targeting can be achieved through social safety nets such as cash transfers to eligible households based on income or demographics or by transfers through electricity companies based on past energy consumption. Subsidies should be temporary and offset by revenue-generating measures, including one-time solidarity taxes on high- income households and companies, where appropriate.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "5f63f2b3388c5c9f2ab22f4136d4196d", + "text": "Reinforcing supply: Supply-side policies could address the key structural factors impeding growth— including market power, rent seeking, rigid regulation and planning, and inefficient education—and could help build resilience, reduce bottlenecks, and alleviate price pressures. A concerted push for investment along the supply chain of green energy technologies would bolster energy security and help advance progress on the green transition.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "c64f29a38dae74989484539db014364f", + "text": "Strengthening multilateral cooperation—Urgent action is needed to limit the risks stemming from geopolitical fragmentation and to ensure cooperation on fundamental areas of common interest:", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "bd7674df887463bc9f05c8030a151dea", + "text": "Restraining the pandemic: Global coordination is needed to resolve bottlenecks in the global", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "add6f9f296b6a99cf0ef86162b3c9cfc", + "text": "distribution of vaccines and treatments. Public support for the development of new vaccine technologies and the design of systematic responses to future epidemics also remains essential.  Addressing debt distress: Progress has been made for countries that requested debt treatment under the Group of Twenty’s Common Framework initiative, and more will be needed to strengthen it. It is also necessary to agree on mechanisms to resolve debt in a broader set of economies, including middle-income countries that are not eligible under the Common Framework. Non– Paris Club and private creditors have a crucial role to play in ensuring coordinated, effective, and timely debt resolution processes.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "af6eef18ec41f4980c1a4cbb5b7d4fec", + "text": "Strengthening global trade: Strengthening the global trading system would address risks associated", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "1a3ec03df542f6e1c2576eba1adb11d9", + "text": "with trade fragmentation. This can be achieved by rolling back restrictions on food exports and other essential items such as medicine, upgrading World Trade Organization (WTO) rules in critical areas such as agricultural and industrial subsidies, concluding and implementing new WTO-based agreements, and fully restoring the WTO dispute settlement system.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d6f6afcf055ed3084a0fac1093458c88", + "text": "Using the global financial safety net: With the cascading of shocks to the global economy, using the global financial safety net to its fullest extent is appropriate, including by proactively utilizing the IMF’s precautionary financial arrangements and channeling aid from the international community to low-income countries facing shocks.", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "089c5759e7030e34a3b537d9e20bcd13", + "text": "Speeding the green transition: To meet governments’ climate change goals, it is necessary to swiftly", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "77ac1fdd449fba59a90d978745964463", + "text": "implement credible mitigation policies. International coordination on carbon pricing or equivalent policies would facilitate faster decarbonization. Global cooperation is needed to build resilience to climate shocks, including through aid to vulnerable countries.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "14187a5be9e3a125267bfe10e6c67fae", + "text": "Overall, financial stability risks remain elevated as investors reassess their inflation and monetary policy outlook. Global financial conditions have eased somewhat since the October 2022 Global Financial Stability Report, driven largely by changing market expectations regarding the interest rate cycle (Figure 1.1). While the expected peak in policy rates—the terminal rate—has risen, markets now also expect the subsequent fall in rates will be significantly faster, and further, than what was forecast in October (Figure 1.2). As a result, global bond yields have recently declined, corporate spreads have tightened, and equity markets have rebounded. That said, central banks are likely to continue to tighten monetary policy to fight inflation, and concerns that this restrictive stance could tip the economy into a recession have increased in major advanced economies.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "57de33ba9eaa9e5980d4cf6da83abf46", + "text": "Figure 1.1. Global Financial Conditions: Selected Regions (Standard deviations from mean)", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "4255f2d53f6408c450b02b249d53c220", + "text": "United States Euro area China Other AEs Other EMs", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "7902699be42c8a8e46fbbb4501726517", + "text": "7", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "53d79cec96694df67ce3baff95d8a2e3", + "text": "October 2022 GFSR", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e7f6c011776e8db7cd330b54174fd76f", + "text": "6", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "ef2d127de37b942baad06145e54b0c61", + "text": "5", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "4b227777d4dd1fc61c6f884f48641d02", + "text": "4", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "4e07408562bedb8b60ce05c1decfe3ad", + "text": "3", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d4735e3a265e16eee03f59718b9b5d03", + "text": "2", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6b86b273ff34fce19d6b804eff5a3f57", + "text": "1", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "5feceb66ffc86f38d952786c6d696c79", + "text": "0", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "467792e5d9b6bec26f556875e9ccab10", + "text": "–1", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "28a5aa3897d66de6c31caba99a4c337e", + "text": "–2", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "a43f5d32a34c9b54fe96097c3d491389", + "text": "–3", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "4108466a9a52ce87e39eb1836a42f6f2", + "text": "2006 08 08", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "785329d8f1c63e8d0cdeedba9e6bc2ea", + "text": "10 10", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "1e46bf7c5134da75e3a2aae852d7bddf", + "text": "12 12", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "c81a1234a265c680bbc9e96e73073acd", + "text": "14 16 14", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "99cb7a0185216a0acb0ed918e7058868", + "text": "18 18", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "0c5e98c11d7bb005adbaf731ebfbbb2c", + "text": "20 22 22", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "aacd834b5cdc64a329e27649143406dd", + "text": "06", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "b17ef6d19c7a5b1ee83b907c595526dc", + "text": "16", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f5ca38f748a1d6eaf726b8a42fb575c3", + "text": "20", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "1ac9d411aa1266cb68aba2a8a9b70379", + "text": "Sources: Bloomberg Finance L.P.; Haver Analytics; national data sources; and IMF staff calculations. Note: AEs = advanced economies; EMs = emerging markets. GFSR = Global Financial Stability Report.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e118be83abfed92b8969eca98bb4d53b", + "text": "Slowing aggregate demand and weaker-than-expected inflation prints in some major advanced economies have prompted investors’ anticipation of a further reduction in the pace of future policy rate hikes. Corporate earnings forecasts have been cut due to headwinds from slowing demand, and margins have contracted across most regions. In addition, survey-based probabilities of recession have been increasing, particularly in the United States and Europe. However, upside risks to the inflation outlook remain. Despite the recent moderation in headline inflation, core inflation remains stubbornly high across most regions, labor markets are still tight, energy prices remain pressured by Russia’s ongoing war in Ukraine, and supply chain disruptions may reappear. To keep these risks in check, financial conditions will likely need to tighten further. If not, central banks may need to increase policy rates even more in order to achieve their inflation objectives.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6ef230728534d871e5126e2a55e12b26", + "text": "Figure 1.2. 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While many central banks in advanced economies have stepped down the size of hikes, they have also explicitly stated they will need to keep rates higher, for a longer period of time, to tamp down inflation. Risk assets could face significant declines if earnings retrench further or if investors reassess their outlook for monetary policy given central bank communications. Globally, the partial reversal of the dollar rally has contributed to recent easing due to improved risk appetite, and some emerging market central banks have paused tightening amid tentative signs that inflation may have peaked.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d073e054fbe8931eb0e200b268710187", + "text": "Sources: Bloomberg Finance L.P.; and IMF staff calculations. Note: GFSR = Global Financial Stability Report.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f26da6b7c082faebee84771dcc2c1cf4", + "text": "Financial market volatility is expected to remain elevated and could be exacerbated by poor market liquidity. For some asset classes (such as US Treasuries), liquidity has deteriorated to the March 2020 lows of the COVID-19 pandemic. With the process of central bank balance sheet reduction (quantitative tightening) underway, market liquidity is expected to remain challenging.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "09b3166aab28edac8872d46b3b34ab02", + "text": "WEO Update © 2023 • ISBN: 979-8-40023-224-4", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 11 + } + } +] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess/s3/small-pdf-set/Silent-Giant-(1).pdf.json b/test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess/s3/small-pdf-set/Silent-Giant-(1).pdf.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3d2da61e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess/s3/small-pdf-set/Silent-Giant-(1).pdf.json @@ -0,0 +1,1962 @@ +[ + { + "element_id": "9f8388cf868cb29d273fdd7328642ff8", + "text": "The Silent Giant", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f439367da08e61523302e29f153007e0", + "text": "The need for nuclear in a clean energy system", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "53d548aa01fc3eb72da15a5be7f235e2", + "text": "Executive Summary", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "9bff2faee4fea8dcc4eb42ae57e04770", + "text": "In a world centred on short-term fixes, many of the traits that make nuclear energy a key player in the transition to a sustainable world are not properly valued and often taken for granted. Reflecting on the popular discourse in the world of energy politics it would seem that renewables, and renewables alone, will be responsible for, and capable of, delivering a zero-carbon energy system – and that it is just a matter of time.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6395cb173a26a3cc05ad01c273a797eb", + "text": "The reality today is that both global carbon dioxide emissions and fossil fuel use are still on the rise. This does not only make the battle against climate change much harder, but also results in hundreds of thousands of pollution deaths every year.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "a5996102613c8e4d5e4b533c8f08e17e", + "text": "Energy is the essential agent for promoting human development, and global demand is projected to increase significantly in the coming decades. Securing access to modern and affordable energy is essential for lifting people out of poverty, and for promoting energy independence and economic growth.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "61ae2d39f8933fba474f75a6747369cf", + "text": "Nuclear energy is a proven solution with a long and well-established track record. Nuclear reactors – a grand total of 445 in 30 countries – are the low-carbon backbone of electricity systems, operating in the background, day in and day out, often out of sight and out of mind. Capable of generating immense amounts of clean power, they are the silent giants upon which we rely daily.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "08518809ebbcf8e551710c3d31af575e", + "text": "Nuclear energy has shown – be it in France or Sweden – that it has the potential to be the catalyst for delivering sustainable energy transitions, long before climate change was on the agenda. The use of nuclear energy is the fast track to a high-powered and clean energy system, which not only delivers a healthier environment and an affordable supply of electricity, but also strengthens energy security and helps mitigate climate change.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "7fcca1e8ff6edf9f771e53f8fe5fc5bb", + "text": "The global nuclear industry, led by World Nuclear Association, is ready to take on the challenge. As part of the Harmony Programme, we have set a target to build an additional 1000GWe of reactors across the world before 2050, bringing the global share of electricity production of nuclear to 25%.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "fafd2592ad2373e42119f989c625aca2", + "text": "In order to realise the full potential of nuclear energy we have identified three key areas where actions are required:", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "3cc3e847449fed4fa13bbd94f86e43a9", + "text": "The need to create a level playing field that values reliability and energy security", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "9c4387f669c689e9af0a712fd494b2d7", + "text": "The need for harmony in the nuclear regulatory environment", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "93e7dedc9d334470067ad2de1f9ee788", + "text": "The need for a holistic safety paradigm for the whole electricity system.", + "type": "ListItem", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6b86b273ff34fce19d6b804eff5a3f57", + "text": "1", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "2960604e965650bbf4215790bc9db0c1", + "text": "The drivers for a clean energy system", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "34e7f45fa2fe58da47f8f001b9ecfe34", + "text": "Electricity is central to modern life – it powers our daily lives, as well as our dreams and ambitions. Demand has grown steadily for more than 100 years, and will continue to do so as many parts of the world continue to develop, and electrification takes a central role in efforts to decarbonize (Figure 1). 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IEA projected electricity production and sources to 2040 i", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "ec3fb4d0094a8d78930e6048214fe8de", + "text": "The challenge before us, however, goes far beyond just electricity – we will need to find ways to decarbonize all parts of the economy, and we need solutions that are sustainable in the long-term. That means changing the way we heat our homes and power our industrial processes, as well as ensuring that the way we travel, export our products and ship our food moves away from fossil fuels.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "3b196ff3a2a47b88afe5428424833f34", + "text": "Despite the very considerable efforts to decarbonize the economy and the countless billions spent, our world remains heavily addicted to fossil fuels. The trend is clear – instead of reducing our dependence on fossil fuels, we are increasing it (Figure 2). As a direct result, greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise when they need to drastically fall.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "ebc18f485dc347b842b3d248d011ce6c", + "text": "30,000,000", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e3cf3e34001852adb7a17cf424bda9fc", + "text": " High-carbon  Low-carbon", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "dcdc1a65c75197a553fdd90554060414", + "text": "25,000,000", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "1476fd07ef61145d484f5a2e0b4e8e7d", + "text": "20,000,000", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "a5d60fc4dbbd484074d8389c35703cf7", + "text": "h W G", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "a63634f2c80c7bcc81bc6faad5d53e16", + "text": "15,000,000", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "8582d26affb6928525e4f027c2cb8c08", + "text": "10,000,000", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "265e4d619f6b21971816b0e4274faf92", + "text": "5,000,000", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "5feceb66ffc86f38d952786c6d696c79", + "text": "0", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "a7be8e1fe282a37cd666e0632b17d933", + "text": "1990", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e78f27ab3ef177a9926e6b90e572b985", + "text": "1995", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "81a83544cf93c245178cbc1620030f11", + "text": "2000", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "a20a2b7bb0842d5cf8a0c06c626421fd", + "text": "2005", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "7d12ba56e9f8b3dc64f77c87318c4f37", + "text": "2010", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "a85e9db4851f7cd3efb8db7bf69a07cf", + "text": "2015", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "bfff0ad483569ddfb7b71ce317e0798a", + "text": "Figure 2. Worldwide electricity generation by fuel (1990-2016)ii", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d4735e3a265e16eee03f59718b9b5d03", + "text": "2", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "a72a816f8588c0dc2d089d7a0a44ecaa", + "text": "We need to deliver a worldwide transformation that is socially, economically and environmentally sustainable. We need a system that is affordable – no one should have to choose between heating their home, and essentials like eating – as well as helping to alleviate poverty, and ensure the realization of human potential globally. We need a power source that can not only help us mitigate the effects of climate change and environmental degradation, but can also help bring the enormous benefits of reliable electricity supply to the corners of the world that do not have access to it.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "7b110a03229e5d918d8773d84e72e11f", + "text": "Nuclear energy is already making a major contribution. By using nuclear energy rather than fossil fuels, we currently avoid the emission of more than 2500 million tonnes of carbon dioxide every year. To put that into perspective, it is the equivalent of removing about 400 million cars from the world’s roads.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "bed52026a3c7b7da234580cda014cc85", + "text": "Modern society is dependent on the steady supply of electricity, every day of the year – regardless of weather, season or time of day – and nuclear energy is particularly well-suited to providing this service. Given that the majority of baseload supply is fossil-based, an increase in the use of nuclear energy would result in a rapid decarbonization of the electricity system. The International Energy Agency’s (IEA) recent report III on nuclear energy highlighted the importance of dependable baseload electricity generators and the need to properly value and compensate them for the electricity security and reliability services they provide.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "4e07408562bedb8b60ce05c1decfe3ad", + "text": "3", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "1e5daa43ba0635dfd0531f977293b55d", + "text": "Despite impressive recent growth, the stark reality is that renewables alone will not be able to resolve our dependence on fossil fuels. Clearly, the sun does not always shine, and the wind does not always blow, and this is compounded by the fact that many times these periods coincide with when electricity demand is at its highest, but renewables can be complementary to nuclear energy. Storage solutions, such as batteries, will not be able to power our societies for days or weeks when the weather is not favourable. Natural gas is currently the most used solution for the intermittency problem, which only serves to reinforce our economy’s dependence of fossil fuels, and severely undermines the apparently ‘green credentials’ of many renewables.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "3655eec20e80973efc46cc09db7a04ba", + "text": "Moving to a sustainable future", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "ebb728948b710b737622fa1b2659a3a0", + "text": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) special report on Global Warming of 1.5°C iv examined a large number of different scenarios for limiting global warming to 1.5°C. Of those scenarios which would achieve the 1.5°C target, the mean increase in nuclear energy’s contribution to electricity production was 2.5 times higher compared to today. However, the ‘middle-of-the-road’ scenario – in which social, economic, and technological trends follow current patterns and would not require major changes to, for example, diet and travel habits – sees the need for nuclear increase by five times globally by 2050.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "5a9fb414eae03258484db4d83419cb1d", + "text": "The IEA has concluded that without an expanded contribution from nuclear energy, the already huge challenge of achieving emissions reductions will become drastically harder and more costly. In their latest report on nuclear energy v, published in 2019, they also conclude that not using nuclear would have negative implications for energy security and result in higher costs for the consumers. The IEA recommends policy reforms to ‘… ensure competition on a level playing field’ and that the ‘… focus should be on designing electricity markets in a way that values the clean energy and energy security attributes of low-carbon technologies, including nuclear power.’ Such reforms should also ensure that reliability of electricity production is properly valued and compensated.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "0bac109dbd9ba991aa99fc4c961fa5e6", + "text": "As part of the Harmony Programme, the world’s nuclear industry has identified three key policy areas for action to unlock the true potential of nuclear energy - the need for a level playing field, the harmonization of regulations and the establishment of an effective safety paradigm.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "3e66425c70ff43fc4bd7a8542615f845", + "text": "In regard to the need for a level playing field, we see that many of the world’s electricity markets operate in an unsustainable fashion, dominated by short-term thinking. Electricity supply which is affordable, reliable and available 24/7 generates broad societal benefits, and as seen in Figure 3, nuclear is one of the most affordable electricity sources.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "4b227777d4dd1fc61c6f884f48641d02", + "text": "4", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "983bd614bb5afece5ab3b6023f71147c", + "text": "300", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "1e472b39b105d349bcd069c4a711b44a", + "text": "250", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "27badc983df1780b60c2b3fa9d3a19a0", + "text": "200", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e8dbac2cdc67e714e99baa9c0f6a54b9", + "text": "h W M / $", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "9ae2bdd7beedc2e766c6b76585530e16", + "text": "150", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "ad57366865126e55649ecb23ae1d4888", + "text": "100", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "1a6562590ef19d1045d06c4055742d38", + "text": "50", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "5feceb66ffc86f38d952786c6d696c79", + "text": "0", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "8e2f99a9826b1b316f7690290f32b31f", + "text": "O nshore Wind", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "53209d7cc67427ba22ec6d878fc8d421", + "text": "Offshore Wind", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6dc76d1e1c35d4253537250288157d0c", + "text": "N uclear", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "8fd5206adbbb7a132889e4161057d4cf", + "text": "m ercial Photovoltaic", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6c25ebfc9ffd2510c4c41d4bd5cb7ea9", + "text": "C oal", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "079c085d3cb9f52f2392addf619382be", + "text": "C C G T", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "4b5ebf5890b9c61b43c5daf4c40cbab0", + "text": "C o m", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "8ec0de3652344a83cd2b538ecd3bd8aa", + "text": "Figure 3. Comparative cost projections for main electricity generators vi", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "2ab586ee62ae5df39457de72cd499acc", + "text": "However, markets fail to give due credit to electricity generators, such as nuclear energy, that are able to meet these societal demands. This has resulted in situations where nuclear energy has struggled to compete with energy sources that have been subsidized, do not pay the hidden costs brought on by their intermittency (e.g. costly backup provisions and investments in the grid), or do not have to take responsibility for using our common atmosphere as a dumping ground.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "26391dca0fee0bc1dadffc1f326606a1", + "text": "Additionally, electricity markets fail to recognize the relative costs of different forms of electricity generation. Whilst the nuclear industry takes responsibility for its lifecycle costs (including decommissioning and waste management), other electricity generators do not. Fossil fuel generators are rarely required to pay the price in line with the environmental and health damage that their emissions cause, whilst the cost of wind and solar does not include the disposal of the sometimes toxic materials at the end of their life.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "bd0ec36fafaa71452d3b71c5575b2979", + "text": "In regard to the need to harmonize regulations, multiple regulatory barriers stemming from diverse national licensing processes and safety requirements currently limit global nuclear trade and investment. A lack of international standardization places unnecessary regulatory burdens on nuclear activities and causes delays in the licensing of new designs, hindering innovation.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6e904c8c0efd5c9862e4bac22ebf6c6a", + "text": "The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has highlighted the importance of addressing this issue, concluding that the lack of regulatory harmony ‘…causes many drawbacks for the entire nuclear industry, including developers, vendors, operators and even regulators themselves…This results in increased costs and reduced predictability in project execution’. vii It is therefore crucial that we harmonize the regulatory process to address these weaknesses, and avoid unnecessary duplication and inconsistencies.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "ef2d127de37b942baad06145e54b0c61", + "text": "5", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "4acd9d695e499834265cbd3b43734f02", + "text": "In regard to the need for a holistic safety paradigm for the whole electricity system, we need to consider safety from a societal perspective, something the current energy system fails to do. The health, environmental and safety benefits of nuclear energy are not sufficiently understood and valued when compared with other electricity sources. Nuclear energy remains the safest form of electricity generation (Figure 4). 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8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "26a7b59940bf704ccad5e0482bbc79c7", + "text": "Figure 4. 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Nuclear can ensure that fast-growing populations achieve rising standards of living – without having to sacrifice the planet or their own well-being.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "ad57366865126e55649ecb23ae1d4888", + "text": "100", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "90ad0c8c14253135efd14645e0156145", + "text": " Coal", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "69f59c273b6e669ac32a6dd5e1b2cb63", + "text": "90", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "3fd264839410c464bf2640d6dbf3ed86", + "text": " Gas/Oil", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "48449a14a4ff7d79bb7a1b6f3d488eba", + "text": "80", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "9a1f49cd39fe9698fc556924b6b889da", + "text": " Biofuels/Waste", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "c4fad0ce9772d241be8c8624896ada86", + "text": " Wind/Solar", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "ff5a1ae012afa5d4c889c50ad427aaf5", + "text": "70", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "b449cd843dc44ab907e1e9ed9c30d92e", + "text": " Hydro", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "39fa9ec190eee7b6f4dff1100d6343e1", + "text": "60", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f35457739b3bd74c61625c986c844726", + "text": " Nuclear", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "1a6562590ef19d1045d06c4055742d38", + "text": "50", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "bbf3f11cb5b43e700273a78d12de55e4", + "text": "%", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d59eced1ded07f84c145592f65bdf854", + "text": "40", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "624b60c58c9d8bfb6ff1886c2fd605d2", + "text": "30", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f5ca38f748a1d6eaf726b8a42fb575c3", + "text": "20", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "4a44dc15364204a80fe80e9039455cc1", + "text": "10", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "5feceb66ffc86f38d952786c6d696c79", + "text": "0", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "7a1ca4ef7515f7276bae7230545829c2", + "text": "France", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "853637136575897a73cba3c5fb085e8c", + "text": "Sweden", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "2275583196d791405892aaca0d87743c", + "text": "Switzerland", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "4460e1d29449fbe65bc853f6a80ebb4b", + "text": "Figure 5. 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The lasting decarbonization of French electricity and nuclear’s ability to meet growing demand x", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "5f0e0d529396154bf8bd5453779ad15d", + "text": "The incredible energy density of uranium means that just a few kilos is all that is required to provide one person with enough power for a lifetime. Uranium is abundant and can be found in many parts of the world, as well as in seawater. Furthermore, spent nuclear fuel is well managed and can in most cases be recycled to produce even more power. By using nuclear energy, countries are able to take charge of their own destinies by decreasing their reliance on imported energy – enhanced independence and security in uncertain times.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "36ca9b7cdbbcba729a46487cf86c07eb", + "text": "One fuel pellet contains as much energy as a tonne of coal", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "b4dfcb14b87f52414bdd5e2bdba9bd6f", + "text": "Unlike other power sources, nuclear energy helps us reduce our total footprint, going beyond just the environment. When accounting for factors such as cost (e.g. fuel and construction costs), carbon (lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions), water and land footprints, nuclear is far ahead of all other energy generators.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "a72d3895448081d55f7a3d40eed7ea6c", + "text": "Nuclear energy offers a multitude of services beyond just electricity. With nuclear, we can decarbonize the way we heat our homes, provide process heat for industry, and ensure access to clean water. As freshwater supplies come under increasing pressure worldwide, nuclear reactors can provide desalination, ensuring a reliable flow of fresh drinking water in areas where it is scarce.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "7902699be42c8a8e46fbbb4501726517", + "text": "7", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "3c6336f12bcbf4d1ca36bef92d77efea", + "text": "Nuclear energy can be relied upon to power the new mobility revolution taking place. Every day, we use almost 20 million barrels of oil to power our vehicles. By swapping to an electric or hydrogen-powered transport fleet – all powered by the atom – we are able to address one of the key challenges to a sustainable economy.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f3e39d107b4601c15dbb3d83ed7a7d9c", + "text": "We cannot afford to wait – we need every part of the puzzle to contribute towards solving some of the greatest challenges faced by humankind in a very long time. The impacts of climate change will hit the poorest and most vulnerable first, and failing to act will have significant humanitarian consequences.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d263fe9467aa7876c4d5009c3125176b", + "text": "Nuclear power is the silent giant of today’s energy system – it runs quietly in the background, capable of delivering immense amounts of power, regardless of weather or season, allowing us to focus on everything else in life. It is a technology that is available now, and can be expanded quickly across the world to help us solve some of the most defining challenges we face. Nuclear energy holds the potential to herald a new, cleaner and truly sustainable world – enabling us to pass on a cleaner planet to our children.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "69824d3b0e70ca6aaa0da1613b65fd91", + "text": "References", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "de7d1b721a1e0632b7cf04edf5032c8e", + "text": "i", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "de72de35f0092bdd3107011f3be18dc0", + "text": "International Energy Agency (2018), World Energy Outlook 2018. Data accessed from https://www.iea.org/weo/ – Based on the New Policies Scenario, which incorporates existing energy policies as well as an assessment of the results likely to stem from the implementation of announced policy intentions – with visual modification by World Nuclear Association. International Energy Agency (n.d.), Statistics. Accessed from: https://www.iea.org/statistics/?country=WORLD&year=2016&category=Electricity&indicator=ElecGenByFuel&mode =chart&dataTable=ELECTRICITYANDHEAT – with visual modifications by World Nuclear Association. International Energy Agency (2019), Nuclear Power in a Clean Energy System. Accessed from: https://www.iea.org/ publications/nuclear/ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2018), Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C. Accessed from: https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ International Energy Agency (2019), Nuclear Power in a Clean Energy System. Accessed from: https://www.iea.org/ publications/nuclear/ International Energy Agency & OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (2015), Projected Costs of generating Electricity – 2015 Edition. Accessed from: https://www.oecd-nea.org/ndd/pubs/2015/7057-proj-costs-electricity-2015.pdf International Atomic Energy Agency (2015), Technical challenges in the application and licensing of digital instrumentation and control systems in nuclear power plants. Accessed from: https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/ Publications/PDF/P1695_web.pdf", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "5d7f49449ab22deac22d767b89549c55", + "text": "ii", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f5557d4fcf727a981a3c315aca733eef", + "text": "iii", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "0ab306823035661bb8dba21cc2535231", + "text": "iv", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "4c94485e0c21ae6c41ce1dfe7b6bface", + "text": "v", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "c0ff93ea8927a7366db0331e5fd9d19f", + "text": "vi", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "c1d2906220d1eef1b17422b7132872a8", + "text": "vii", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "b6396ecd6f60e3dcca17c045c00846c1", + "text": "viii Paul-Scherrer Institute. Data for nuclear accidents modified to reflect UNSCEAR findings/recommendations (2012)", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "5897aff759a5cc8d94710101c73af296", + "text": "and NRC SOARCA study 2015 International Energy Agency (2018), Electricity Information 2018 https://webstore.iea.org/electricity-information-2018-overview Ibid.", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "ed171375d0bf81eaa5512140c3a29b8f", + "text": "ix", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "2d711642b726b04401627ca9fbac32f5", + "text": "x", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "cd7669ea7d8c7961fdbf51c7fec05db7", + "text": "Photo credits: Front cover: Mike Baird; page 2: Vattenfall; page 4: Getty Images; page 5: Adobe Stock; page 6: Rosatom; page 8: Dean Calma, IAEA; page 10: Kazatomprom; page 11: EDF.", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "2c624232cdd221771294dfbb310aca00", + "text": "8", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "2ef1a5c0752085d3a6935132ad9e597c", + "text": "+44 (0)20 7451 1520 www.world-nuclear.org info@world-nuclear.org", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 12 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "481e5a54650b0a4ac7bc2568ddad436d", + "text": "World Nuclear Association Tower House 10 Southampton Street London WC2E 7HA United Kingdom", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 12 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "20ef77d9aa66e60f1443750cdbaa9014", + "text": "World Nuclear Association is the international organization that represents the global nuclear industry. Its mission is to promote a wider understanding of nuclear energy among key international influencers by producing authoritative information, developing common industry positions, and contributing to the energy debate.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 12 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "cff66c7267104eeade830b3dc8675acd", + "text": "The Silent Giant © 2019 World Nuclear Association. Registered in England and Wales, company number 01215741", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 12 + } + } +] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess/s3/small-pdf-set/recalibrating-risk-report.pdf.json b/test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess/s3/small-pdf-set/recalibrating-risk-report.pdf.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c1063846a --- /dev/null +++ b/test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess/s3/small-pdf-set/recalibrating-risk-report.pdf.json @@ -0,0 +1,1452 @@ +[ + { + "element_id": "1536456ece03fdb7bdbb6b848116dfde", + "text": "Recalibrating risk", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "38ae4eaf24988f8ff8a9f5b2eaab7449", + "text": "Putting nuclear risk in context and perspective", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 1 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e2371e8e756ef68aaf76eb397e9e8f32", + "text": "© 2021 World Nuclear Association", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "c3c968da20f032f9c4ae9dcf03fc4a6b", + "text": "Registered in England and Wales, company number 01215741. This report represents the views of individual experts, but does not necessarily represent those of any of the World Nuclear Association’s individual member organizations.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 2 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "53d548aa01fc3eb72da15a5be7f235e2", + "text": "Executive Summary", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "139a663f32eea68997578ccd9f748da4", + "text": "Nuclear energy is crucial to meeting the world’s ever-increasing demand for energy, thanks to its ability to supply affordable, reliable, and sustainable electricity and heat. Despite the many benefits of nuclear energy, its deployment is hindered in some parts of the world due to long-standing misconceptions about its risks. Even with its safety record – unmatched by any other energy source – the perception of nuclear power as uniquely dangerous endures.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d609989f05f5e318da453799d42c3e9f", + "text": "This is reflected in the regulatory burden placed on the nuclear industry, which is geared towards an “as low as possible” approach, demanding radiation levels to be far below the levels where health effects have been observed (and in many cases below natural background radiation). This has resulted in higher costs, without delivering any additional health benefits, and has resulted in policymakers choosing other, more risky energy sources. More often than not, those alternative energy sources have been fossil fuels, greatly exacerbating the well-known risks posed by air pollution and climate change.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "34f6b88b98aa6cfc56618fcf41c2192b", + "text": "Expanding the use of nuclear energy is essential for solving some of the biggest challenges facing humanity. Nuclear power has already played a major role in avoiding the emission of air pollutants and greenhouse gases, a role that will have to be greatly expanded in the future to ensure global energy supplies are decarbonized by 2050. Nuclear energy will also play a major part in ensuring that the transition to a low-carbon future is done in an equitable fashion, providing people across the world with a high-powered and sustainable future.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "fc41093fe0b700cd1544eb7dbe635c82", + "text": "In order to fully unlock the potential of the atom, it is crucial that the gap between perceived and actual risks is addressed. The window of opportunity to act on climate change and other global challenges is closing fast – we must not delay increasing the contribution of nuclear energy on the grounds of myths and misconceptions.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "5881f95e861a23dfd90c20a79a758089", + "text": "Therefore, World Nuclear Association calls upon policymakers and regulators to adopt an all-hazards approach, where different risks associated with energy producing technologies are placed in perspective and the appropriate context, and examined in line with the latest scientific evidence. Policymakers and regulators must ensure that their decisions regarding radiation protection do not create greater risks elsewhere. This include the recalibration of existing regulations regarding nuclear power and radiation, weighing the cost of regulatory measures against the societal benefits provided by nuclear energy.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6b86b273ff34fce19d6b804eff5a3f57", + "text": "1", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 3 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f193ae2dc90e6bc6856125ad88fdab12", + "text": "Perceived versus actual risk", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "0f6b417c120ef61e5b8ff40845b0700d", + "text": "It is widely accepted that humans have skewed perceptions of risks, and the way we respond to them is shaped by these perceptions, rather than the actual threats posed. Approximately 1.35 millioni people die every year because of traffic accidents, in comparison with 257 aviation fatalities in 2019ii, yet more people are nervous about flying, fearing a rare deadly crash, than being in a fatal traffic accident. These numbers tell a powerful and well-established story: evaluations of risk are largely the result of emotions, rather than logic or facts. Although it is hard to recognize and accept that our perceptions may mislead us and curtail effective decision making, this is a well-established characteristic of humanity.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "45e9c81bf6ccdc498a6ac5640d786736", + "text": "Nuclear energy and the risk of radiation is one of the most extreme cases in which perceived and actual risks have diverged. The fear of radiation, whilst pre- dating the Second World War, was firmly established by the debate on the potential impacts of low-dose radiation from the fallout from nuclear weapons testing in the early years of the Cold War. Radiation in many ways became linked with the mental imagery of nuclear war, playing an important role in increasing public concern about radiation and its health effects. There is a well-established discrepancy between fact-based risk assessments and public perception of different risks. This is very much the case with nuclear power, and this is clearly highlighted in Figure 1, with laypersons ranking nuclear power as the highest risk out of 30 activities and technologies, with experts ranking nuclear as 20th. In many ways, popular culture’s depiction of radiation has played a role in ensuring that this discrepancy has remained, be it Godzilla, The Incredible Hulk, or The Simpsons, which regularly plays on the notion of radiation from nuclear power plants causing three-eyed fish, something that has been firmly rejected as unscientific.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d977fff4c69c437aa4a44a5c5f4bf02e", + "text": "Rank Order Laypersons", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "5e12750596bdf1413e64c24997479b21", + "text": "Experts", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6b86b273ff34fce19d6b804eff5a3f57", + "text": "1", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, 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"data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "b7a56873cd771f2c446d369b649430b6", + "text": "25", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "4d7c9c95f808a09f6b0bcfe8b255e537", + "text": "Figure 1. Ordering of perceived risks for 30 activities and technologies1,iii", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f3e88f7e68997defc9ac79eba1c52906", + "text": "In reality, radiation is a natural part of life; indeed, we are all exposed to radiation every day, on average receiving 2-3 millisieverts (mSv) per year. Most of this radiation is naturally occurring, with radon gas from the ground being the main source of exposure. The nuclear industry is responsible for a very small part of radiation exposure to the public, as seen in Figure 2. To put this into perspective, eating 10 bananas or two Brazil nuts results in the same radiation dose as living nearby a nuclear power plant for a year. Humans are also naturally radioactive, and the radiation dose from sleeping next to someone else each night for a year is ten times higher than the exposure from living nearby a nuclear power plant for the same time span.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "902907535a6df300b401f418b25763fd", + "text": "In fact, scientific consensus is that when it comes to preventing exposure to radiation, nuclear power is much better than other electricity generators. A 2016 reportiii from the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) found that coal-generated electricity is responsible for more than half of the total global radiation exposure arising from electricity generation, while nuclear power contributed less than a fifth. Coal miners received high occupational exposure and workers in solar and wind farms received the highest occupational exposure associated with plant construction for the same amount of installed capacity.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "3d8430367bf97300ddf3963de02bb5f4", + "text": "1 The original study was published in 1978, but its findings have been confirmed by numerous studies since.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d4735e3a265e16eee03f59718b9b5d03", + "text": "2", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 4 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d6acb6d51cfc574936fc79bc06b8a371", + "text": "Natural", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "8c3274ea479fd4a25c0b5611a8e48662", + "text": "Artificial", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d4a293a7987bc37f4a826e0da1961aab", + "text": " 48% Radon  14% Buildings & soil  12% Food & water  10% Cosmic  4% Thoron", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "0f748653e413fbddbb18262352d56b23", + "text": " 11% Medicine  0.4%  0.4% Miscellaneous  0.2% Occupational  0.04% Nuclear discharges", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "039bede24e51e7c42ce352c25b6427c0", + "text": "Fallout", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "9f3d0ae9a00bcefb94ac8bd0cd5a5da3", + "text": "Figure 2. Global average exposure from different sources of radiation", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f170516281e47bab0dcbdcc3f7834e25", + "text": "Fossil fuels – currently accounting for around 81% of total energy supplyiv – cause significant levels of emissions in terms of both greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Despite the serious and ongoing health and environmental harms caused by air pollution, it is often considered to be an inevitable consequence of economic development. Air pollution’s contribution to the burden of disease is profound, with an estimated 8.7 million people dying worldwide prematurely in 2018 alonev,vi. Despite this, it fails to induce the same fears and anxieties in people as nuclear energy does.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f2f020a2d66ed9c32afcc917fe19bde8", + "text": "In terms of accidents, hydropower is the deadliest electricity generator, mostly due to collapsing dams and the consequences of flooding. The Banqiao Dam failure in 1975 led to at least 26,000 people drowning, and as many as 150,000 deaths resulting from the secondary effects of the accident. In comparison, radiation exposure following Chernobyl caused 54 deaths2, while no casualties due to radiation are likely to occur from the accident at Fukushima Daiichi.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6a3adc54db5128f797d4a12855193373", + "text": "24.6", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "b7a56873cd771f2c446d369b649430b6", + "text": "25", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f5ca38f748a1d6eaf726b8a42fb575c3", + "text": "20", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "dfb6b8c404e0fa2b32def4ba49e00b3c", + "text": "18.4", + "type": 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"Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "5275a384f63ded9bf8541f52dec2c2cb", + "text": "H ydropo w er", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d3d1de6bcd7ebe2351be9f53551f7eb9", + "text": "S olar", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6dc76d1e1c35d4253537250288157d0c", + "text": "N uclear", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "8921c0f3c29bc04c22c9c40f4eef6613", + "text": "Figure 3. Comparison of number of fatalities due to electricity generation, including accidents and air pollution3", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "3a601e3908558c0818322fb3f33bcd95", + "text": "Contrary to perceptions, nuclear is an incredibly safe source of energy (see Figure 3 for a comparison). What is also clear is that the continued use of alternative energy sources in preference to nuclear energy – in particular fossil fuels – poses a far greater risk to public health by significantly contributing to climate change and air pollution.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e450813fe6430d87c4caa64e4792bc74", + "text": "2 Including 28 firefighters that were exposed to lethal amounts of radiation during the accident night, and 15 fatal cases of thyroid cancer. 3 Sources drawn upon: Markandya, A., & Wilkinson, P. (2007), Sovacool et al. (2016). Data for nuclear accidents modified to reflect the", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "31138d5dc0c297144d27d5dbd15d5ef0", + "text": "2012 UNSCEAR report and the 2015 US NRC SOARCA study.", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "4e07408562bedb8b60ce05c1decfe3ad", + "text": "3", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 5 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f5bda7d6ba9ea7120d7f4c11c8b8f1ae", + "text": "The low-dose question", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "1bc9d38ce85ee8becec7fb23267b2cc5", + "text": "Since the 1950s, the Linear No-Threshold (LNT) theory has been used to inform regulatory decisions, positing that any dose of radiation, regardless of the amount or the duration over which it is received, poses a risk. Assuming that LNT is correct, we should expect to see that people living in areas of the world where background doses are higher (e.g. India, Iran and northern Europe) have a higher incidence of cancer. However, despite people living in areas of the world where radiation doses are naturally higher than those that would be received in parts of the evacuation zones around Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi, there is no evidence that these populations exhibit any negative health effects. Living nearby a nuclear power plant on average exposes the local population to 0.00009mSv/year, which according to LNT would increase the risk of developing cancer by 0.00000045%. After Chernobyl, the average dose to those evacuated was 30mSv, which would theoretically increase the risk of cancer at some point in their lifetime by 0.15% (on top of the average baseline lifetime risk of cancer, which is 39.5% in the USviii, 50% in the UKix).", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e08a53481767a34371b5875af14bd1f3", + "text": "Since the 1980s, there has been considerable scientific debate as to whether the LNT theory is valid, following scientific breakthroughs within, for example, radiobiology and medicine. Indeed, the Chernobyl accident helped illuminate some of the issues associated with LNT. Multiplication of the low doses after the accident (many far too low to be of any health concern) with large populations – using the assumptions made by LNT – led to a large number of predicted cancer deaths, which have not, and likely will not materialize. This practice has been heavily criticized for being inappropriate in making risk assessments by UNSCEAR, the International Commission on Radiation Protection and a large number of independent scientists.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "ffa94f73ba6aab788fdfcb8e5d81ccd6", + "text": "Determining the precise risk (or lack thereof) of the extremely small radiation doses associated with the routine operations of nuclear power plants, the disposal of nuclear waste or even extremely rare nuclear accidents is a purely academic exercise, that tries to determine whether the risk is extremely low, too small to detect, or non- existent. The risks of low-level radiation pale in comparison to other societal risks such as obesity, smoking, and air pollution.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "16a119e3e5a216b271e971c83b93a048", + "text": "By looking at radiation risks in isolation, we prolong the over-regulation of radiation in nuclear plants, driving up costs, whilst not delivering any additional health benefits, in turn incentivising the use of more harmful energy sources. A recalibration is required, and this can only done by ensuring a holistic approach to risk is taken.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "4b227777d4dd1fc61c6f884f48641d02", + "text": "4", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 6 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6bb7c030badb0c440af61aec7f6976c4", + "text": "Adopting an all-hazards approach", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "aaf7fc85be030f5d92648960ece07b1b", + "text": "Contemporary debates around nuclear energy often reflect the precautionary principle, a problematic concept applied across a range of regulatory and policy issues. A ‘strong’ interpretation of the precautionary principle, or a ‘as low as possible’ approach to risk, dictates that regulation is required whenever there is a potential adverse health risk, even if the evidence is not certain and regardless of the cost of regulation.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d1e9cb6856415ab46f3052dcbed97d8f", + "text": "The overall regulatory philosophy, at least theoretically, used in the nuclear industry is the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle, where any regulatory action on radiation should account for socio- economic benefits and costs, as opposed to making decisions based on radiation risks alone.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "3108b5b0d698256fed9b109f93c70e16", + "text": "However, the regulatory process and the policy debate around nuclear more broadly has long departed from the ALARA principle, no longer weighing cost versus benefits, or considering the overall advantages of nuclear energy, but rather looking at radiation in isolation. This has resulted in a subtle shift towards an ‘as low as possible’ mentality. Attempting to reduce radiation far below de facto safe levels has resulted in an escalation of costs and loss of public confidence, and in some cases has deprived communities of the many benefits nuclear energy provides. In practical terms, this has led to the continued use of more harmful energy sources, such as fossil fuels.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "a512ad93402fd4a2b066e7930ca9eda3", + "text": "If the potential of nuclear energy is to be fully realized, public health and safety approaches must be recalibrated to consider a wider range of factors when considering radiation, adopting an “all-hazards” approach. Such an approach must ensure that risks are placed within a proper perspective and context, rather than looking at them in isolation. We therefore must not look at the costs – be they economic, environmental, or public health – associated with an individual power plant in isolation, but rather the costs associated with it (and its alternatives) at a societal level (Figure 4). This would entail looking at the potential risks arising from the use of nuclear power and comparing these with the risks associated with not adopting nuclear power.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "fd38688f30f8b6e597d540ab0134278f", + "text": "Social and environmental costs of emissions, land-use, climate change, security of supply, etc.", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "2470c376b60fd11fd9639e0e440ce0f5", + "text": "Plant-level production costs at market prices", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "dde91891334d5ac0e2b4569680eb6f1e", + "text": "Grid-level costs of the electricity system", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "2044b8086c660cb4ae3dbf0c91f168b1", + "text": "Figure 4. The different levels of cost associated with electricity generationx", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "0781cde07f8a6b47a270061ba7931f0a", + "text": "A more holistic regulatory process would be required, in which regulators move away from being siloed, looking at specific risks in isolation, with little regard for the greater picture. The move towards an all-hazard, holistic approach would require greater coordination between regulators, ensuring that the combined risks of a specific nuclear project are weighed against the risks posed by not advancing said project.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "62776efdbb18b41283076d97477c280e", + "text": "Equally, the adoption of an all-hazards approach means regulators should consider declaring when a risk is too low to be a public health concern, in line with what the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission attempted to do with its Below Regulatory Concern policy statements in the 1980s and early 1990s. In the context of nuclear power, this means departing from the notion that LNT instils of no safe level of radiation, and adopting a regulatory framework which notes the impossibility of eradicating risks. Failing to do so will result in excessive regulation that continues to limit the full potential of nuclear power in tackling climate change and sees a continued reliance on objectively more harmful energy sources.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "ef2d127de37b942baad06145e54b0c61", + "text": "5", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 7 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "b5b9075460067db9eb092a70c73a83a4", + "text": "Recalibrating the risk conversation", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "893eb8565c9befb34ba3f4534e02e80e", + "text": "By looking at radiation risks in isolation, we have created something akin to a “radiation phobia”, that both directly and indirectly harms people around the world. For instance, it is well established that the vast majority of health impacts from Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi were not radiological, but rather psychosocial. There has been an observable and dramatic increase in depression, PTSD, substance abuse, and suicides following these events, which can be significantly attributed to the dissonance between the actual and perceived risks of radiation, and the stigmatization they caused.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "9cc0d0072f0d6259676296f001d02aef", + "text": "Similarly, many of the tremendous challenges the global community faces are significantly driven by this “radiation phobia”. Indeed, several of these issues have been considerably exacerbated by the fact that certain risks are given a disproportionate amount of focus, whereas others are de facto ignored. The global conversation around climate change is a prime example of this. The historical use of fossil fuels has contributed significantly to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions, causing unprecedented changes in the liveability of the Earth. By 2025, half of the world’s population will be living in water-stressed areas, as extreme heat and droughts are exacerbating water resources. Between 2030 and 2050, climate change is expected to be the cause of an additional 250,000 deaths per year, arising from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhoea and heat stressx. Yet, despite the huge risks associated with climate change, our addiction to coal, oil, and fossil gas remains, with fossil fuels providing 84% of global primary energy in 2019xii. The continued prioritization of fossil fuels at the expense of nuclear energy results in a considerable increase in the risks posed by climate change.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "960a753fa8f091c6b3925b7edcc1af88", + "text": "Equally, it is well established that living without access to electricity results in illness and death around the world, caused by everything from not having access to modern healthcare to household air pollution. As of today, 770 million people around the world do not have access to electricity, with over 75% of that population living in Sub-Saharan Africa. The world's poorest 4 billion people consume a mere 5% of the energy used in developed economies, and we need to find ways of delivering reliable electricity to the entire human population in a fashion that is sustainable. Household and ambient air pollution causes 8.7 million deaths each year, largely because of the continued use of fossil fuels. Widespread electrification is a key tool for delivering a just energy transition. Investment in nuclear, has become an urgent necessity. Discarding it, based on risk perceptions divorced from science, would be to abandon the moral obligation to ensure affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy for every community around the world.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e7f6c011776e8db7cd330b54174fd76f", + "text": "6", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 8 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "f6b7867f0a5ebfbd0deb17d7b54f39cf", + "text": "Clearly, we have reached a point where we must establish a new conversation about the relative risks of using nuclear, especially when risks created by other energy sources are considered. We cannot address many of the global challenges we face without a significant increase in the use of nuclear energy. The detrimental effects of decades of looking at nuclear risks in isolation highlights just how crucial it is that regulators and policymakers change the way they view nuclear energy, and transition towards an all-hazards approach, ensuring that actions taken to mitigate risks do not result in creating more severe risks.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "4377e6a43a41bf6199e3fe122672d7d2", + "text": "We must begin to holistically look at the severity of the consequences of maintaining the current energy production system, many of which are irreversible. The ways in which we address climate change and other issues of global importance must be sustainable and not create new hazards down the line. The reality is that nuclear has always been and remains an exceptionally safe source of energy, representing the lowest risk, the most sustainable, and the most affordable ways to generate around-the-clock electricity.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "5881f95e861a23dfd90c20a79a758089", + "text": "Therefore, World Nuclear Association calls upon policymakers and regulators to adopt an all-hazards approach, where different risks associated with energy producing technologies are placed in perspective and the appropriate context, and examined in line with the latest scientific evidence. Policymakers and regulators must ensure that their decisions regarding radiation protection do not create greater risks elsewhere. This include the recalibration of existing regulations regarding nuclear power and radiation, weighing the cost of regulatory measures against the societal benefits provided by nuclear energy.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "7902699be42c8a8e46fbbb4501726517", + "text": "7", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 9 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "69824d3b0e70ca6aaa0da1613b65fd91", + "text": "References", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "de7d1b721a1e0632b7cf04edf5032c8e", + "text": "i", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e72fdf383c0b4d8cba0284d4f7ff06d5", + "text": "World Health Organization (2020). Road traffic injuries. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/ detail/road-traffic-injuries", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "5d7f49449ab22deac22d767b89549c55", + "text": "ii", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "e4d7c811a799c3c8e706125556f8a370", + "text": "BBC (2020). Plane crash fatalities fell more than 50% in 2019. 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Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "6e98dee26ce2439cd4b8af82426e894e", + "text": "understanding/statistics", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "94178a8c2e84bf4b8f2eed9c79d7cfd5", + "text": "ix Cancer Research UK (n.d.). Cancer risk statistics. Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "759772833f6756e511150b2a49233864", + "text": "professional/cancer-statistics/risk", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "26a84724035df76d7d8a6610a6fa4627", + "text": "x OECD-NEA (2019). The Full Costs of Electricity Provision. Available at: https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_14998/", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "7267222b91f507e040c69dad9af7941f", + "text": "the-full-costs-of-electricity-provision?details=true", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "d85940c91ae6b53fc4b41bd5137e7371", + "text": "xi World Health Organization (2018). Climate change and health. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "86c0a0cef7faa217f386f75ead17dbec", + "text": "sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "9d45931b60fa1041a13243a1ee1bb170", + "text": "xii BP, 2020. BP Statistical Review of World Energy, London: BP.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "b6c39a9b3890b5132e4310c83d06b310", + "text": "Photo credits: Front cover & pages 1, 4, 6 left, 7 bottom: Adobe Stock; page 6 right: Getty Images; page 7 top: Uniper.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "2c624232cdd221771294dfbb310aca00", + "text": "8", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 10 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "2ef1a5c0752085d3a6935132ad9e597c", + "text": "+44 (0)20 7451 1520 www.world-nuclear.org info@world-nuclear.org", + "type": "Title", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 12 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "481e5a54650b0a4ac7bc2568ddad436d", + "text": "World Nuclear Association Tower House 10 Southampton Street London WC2E 7HA United Kingdom", + "type": "UncategorizedText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 12 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "20ef77d9aa66e60f1443750cdbaa9014", + "text": "World Nuclear Association is the international organization that represents the global nuclear industry. Its mission is to promote a wider understanding of nuclear energy among key international influencers by producing authoritative information, developing common industry positions, and contributing to the energy debate.", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 12 + } + }, + { + "element_id": "36d3613fc20527bb317afd4e447d1c74", + "text": "Recalibrating risk © 2021 World Nuclear Association. Registered in England and Wales, company number 01215741", + "type": "NarrativeText", + "metadata": { + "data_source": {}, + "filetype": "application/pdf", + "page_number": 12 + } + } +] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-azure.sh b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-azure.sh index 1c3440c83..62e9af641 100755 --- a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-azure.sh +++ b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-azure.sh @@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ PYTHONPATH=. ./unstructured/ingest/main.py \ --azure-account-name azureunstructured1 \ --structured-output-dir azure-ingest-output \ --partition-strategy hi_res \ + --download-dir files-ingest-download/azure \ + --preserve-downloads \ --reprocess \ --num-processes 2 diff --git a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-biomed-api.sh b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-biomed-api.sh index bdbc708fb..7b930621e 100755 --- a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-biomed-api.sh +++ b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-biomed-api.sh @@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ PYTHONPATH=. ./unstructured/ingest/main.py \ --reprocess \ --verbose \ --re-download \ + --download-dir files-ingest-download/biomed-api \ --preserve-downloads OVERWRITE_FIXTURES=${OVERWRITE_FIXTURES:-false} diff --git a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-biomed-path.sh b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-biomed-path.sh index 4313a5655..2df51d89f 100755 --- a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-biomed-path.sh +++ b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-biomed-path.sh @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ PYTHONPATH=. ./unstructured/ingest/main.py \ --num-processes 2 \ --partition-strategy hi_res \ --reprocess \ - --download-dir biomed-download-path \ + --download-dir files-ingest-download/biomed-path \ --preserve-downloads \ --verbose diff --git a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-discord.sh b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-discord.sh index 62b89e273..823c3b26f 100755 --- a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-discord.sh +++ b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-discord.sh @@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ PYTHONPATH=. ./unstructured/ingest/main.py \ --discord-token "$DISCORD_TOKEN" \ --download-dir discord-ingest-download \ --structured-output-dir discord-ingest-output \ + --preserve-downloads \ --reprocess OVERWRITE_FIXTURES=${OVERWRITE_FIXTURES:-false} diff --git a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-github.sh b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-github.sh index f1aac2eb5..95293d3be 100755 --- a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-github.sh +++ b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-github.sh @@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ PYTHONPATH=. ./unstructured/ingest/main.py \ --structured-output-dir github-downloadify-output \ --partition-strategy hi_res \ --reprocess \ + --download-dir files-ingest-download/github \ --preserve-downloads \ --verbose $ACCESS_TOKEN_FLAGS diff --git a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-gitlab.sh b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-gitlab.sh index 8db64b977..5e6038d53 100755 --- a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-gitlab.sh +++ b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-gitlab.sh @@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ PYTHONPATH=. ./unstructured/ingest/main.py \ --structured-output-dir gitlab-ingest-output \ --git-branch 'v0.0.7' \ --partition-strategy hi_res \ + --download-dir files-ingest-download/gitlab \ + --preserve-downloads \ --verbose set +e diff --git a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-pdf-fast-reprocess.sh b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-pdf-fast-reprocess.sh new file mode 100755 index 000000000..41845e8f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-pdf-fast-reprocess.sh @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env bash +# A local connector to process pre-downloaded PDFs under `files-ingest-download` dir with --fast startegy + +set -e + +SCRIPT_DIR=$(cd -- "$(dirname -- "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" &>/dev/null && pwd) +cd "$SCRIPT_DIR"/.. || exit 1 + + +PYTHONPATH=. ./unstructured/ingest/main.py \ + --metadata-exclude filename,file_directory,metadata.data_source.date_processed \ + --local-input-path files-ingest-download \ + --local-recursive \ + --local-file-glob "*.pdf" \ + --structured-output-dir pdf-fast-reprocess-ingest-output \ + --partition-strategy fast \ + --reprocess \ + --num-processes 2 + +OVERWRITE_FIXTURES=${OVERWRITE_FIXTURES:-false} + +set +e + +# to update ingest test fixtures, run scripts/ingest-test-fixtures-update.sh on x86_64 +if [[ "$OVERWRITE_FIXTURES" != "false" ]]; then + + cp -a pdf-fast-reprocess-ingest-output/* test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess/ + +elif ! diff -ru test_unstructured_ingest/expected-structured-output/pdf-fast-reprocess pdf-fast-reprocess-ingest-output ; then + echo + echo "There are differences from the previously checked-in structured outputs." + echo + echo "If these differences are acceptable, overwrite by the fixtures by setting the env var:" + echo + echo " export OVERWRITE_FIXTURES=true" + echo + echo "and then rerun this script." + echo + echo "NOTE: You'll likely just want to run scripts/ingest-test-fixtures-update.sh on x86_64 hardware" + echo "to update fixtures for CI." + echo + exit 1 + +fi diff --git a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-s3.sh b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-s3.sh index 1b6ae0838..9ad2d5327 100755 --- a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-s3.sh +++ b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-s3.sh @@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ PYTHONPATH=. ./unstructured/ingest/main.py \ --structured-output-dir s3-small-batch-output \ --preserve-downloads \ --partition-strategy hi_res \ + --download-dir files-ingest-download/s3 \ --reprocess OVERWRITE_FIXTURES=${OVERWRITE_FIXTURES:-false} diff --git a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-slack.sh b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-slack.sh index 76ea84742..c419c6e24 100755 --- a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-slack.sh +++ b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-slack.sh @@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ PYTHONPATH=. ./unstructured/ingest/main.py \ --download-dir slack-ingest-download \ --structured-output-dir slack-ingest-output \ --partition-strategy hi_res \ + --preserve-downloads \ --start-date 2023-04-01 \ --end-date 2023-04-08T12:00:00-08:00 \ --reprocess diff --git a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-wikipedia.sh b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-wikipedia.sh index 97f81c6a8..d1a2ae1f7 100755 --- a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-wikipedia.sh +++ b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-wikipedia.sh @@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ PYTHONPATH=. ./unstructured/ingest/main.py \ --structured-output-dir wikipedia-ingest-output \ --num-processes 2 \ --partition-strategy hi_res \ + --download-dir files-ingest-download/wikipedia \ + --preserve-downloads \ --verbose set +e diff --git a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest.sh b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest.sh index a2871826c..9b5fdda24 100755 --- a/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest.sh +++ b/test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest.sh @@ -19,3 +19,5 @@ export OMP_THREAD_LIMIT=1 ./test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-local.sh ./test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-slack.sh ./test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-against-api.sh +# NOTE(yuming): The following test should be put after any tests with --preserve-downloads option +./test_unstructured_ingest/test-ingest-pdf-fast-reprocess.sh diff --git a/unstructured/__version__.py b/unstructured/__version__.py index 1da145839..c9bc2f642 100644 --- a/unstructured/__version__.py +++ b/unstructured/__version__.py @@ -1 +1 @@ -__version__ = "0.7.5-dev0" # pragma: no cover +__version__ = "0.7.5-dev1" # pragma: no cover diff --git a/unstructured/partition/pdf.py b/unstructured/partition/pdf.py index f55bfb823..8de6633a8 100644 --- a/unstructured/partition/pdf.py +++ b/unstructured/partition/pdf.py @@ -269,6 +269,7 @@ def _process_pdfminer_pages( height = page.height text_segments = [] + page_elements = [] for obj in page: x1, y2, x2, y1 = obj.bbox y1 = height - y1 @@ -286,7 +287,16 @@ def _process_pdfminer_pages( element = element_from_text(_text) element.coordinates = ((x1, y1), (x1, y2), (x2, y2), (x2, y1)) element.metadata = metadata - elements.append(element) + page_elements.append(element) + + sorted_page_elements = sorted( + page_elements, + key=lambda el: ( + el.coordinates[0][1] if el.coordinates else float("inf"), + el.coordinates[0][0] if el.coordinates else float("inf"), + ), + ) + elements += sorted_page_elements if include_page_breaks: elements.append(PageBreak())