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feat: bbox shrinking in xycut algo, better natural reading order (#1560)
Closes GH Issue #1233. ### Summary - add functionality to shrink all bounding boxes along x and y axes (still centered around the same center point) before running xy-cut sort ### Evaluation Run the followin gcommand for this [PDF](https://utic-dev-tech-fixtures.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/pastebin/patent-11723901-page2.pdf). PYTHONPATH=. python examples/custom-layout-order/evaluate_xy_cut_sorting.py <file_path> <strategy>
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@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
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### Enhancements
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* **Better detection of natural reading order in images and PDF's** The elements returned by partition better reflect natural reading order in some cases, particularly in complicated multi-column layouts, leading to better chunking and retrieval for downstream applications. Achieved by improving the `xy-cut` sorting to preprocess bboxes, shrinking all bounding boxes by 90% along x and y axes (still centered around the same center point), which allows projection lines to be drawn where not possible before if layout bboxes overlapped.
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* **Improves `partition_xml` to be faster and more memory efficient when partitioning large XML files** The new behavior is to partition iteratively to prevent loading the entire XML tree into memory at once in most use cases.
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* **Adds data source properties to SharePoint, Outlook, Onedrive, Reddit, Slack, and DeltaTable connectors** These properties (date_created, date_modified, version, source_url, record_locator) are written to element metadata during ingest, mapping elements to information about the document source from which they derive. This functionality enables downstream applications to reveal source document applications, e.g. a link to a GDrive doc, Salesforce record, etc.
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* **Add functionality to save embedded images in PDF's separately as images** This allows users to save embedded images in PDF's separately as images, given some directory path. The saved image path is written to the metadata for the Image element. Downstream applications may benefit by providing users with image links from relevant "hits."
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@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ def test_partition_pdf_fast_groups_text_in_text_box():
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system=expected_coordinate_system_3,
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),
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)
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assert elements[3] == Text("2.5", metadata=expected_elem_metadata_3)
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assert elements[2] == Text("2.5", metadata=expected_elem_metadata_3)
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def test_partition_pdf_with_metadata_filename(
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@ -5,10 +5,19 @@ from unstructured.documents.elements import CoordinatesMetadata, Element, Text
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from unstructured.partition.utils.constants import SORT_MODE_BASIC, SORT_MODE_XY_CUT
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from unstructured.partition.utils.sorting import (
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coord_has_valid_points,
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coordinates_to_bbox,
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shrink_bbox,
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sort_page_elements,
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)
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class MockCoordinatesMetadata(CoordinatesMetadata):
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def __init__(self, points):
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system = PixelSpace(width=300, height=500)
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super().__init__(points, system)
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def test_coord_valid_coordinates():
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coordinates = CoordinatesMetadata([(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)], PixelSpace)
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assert coord_has_valid_points(coordinates) is True
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@ -98,3 +107,21 @@ def test_sort_basic_pos_coordinates():
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sorted_elem_text = " ".join([str(elem.text) for elem in sorted_page_elements])
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assert sorted_elem_text == "7 8 9"
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def test_coordinates_to_bbox():
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coordinates_data = MockCoordinatesMetadata([(10, 20), (10, 200), (100, 200), (100, 20)])
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expected_result = (10, 20, 100, 200)
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assert coordinates_to_bbox(coordinates_data) == expected_result
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def test_shrink_bbox():
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bbox = (0, 0, 100, 100)
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shrink_factor = 0.5
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expected_result = (25, 25, 75, 75)
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assert shrink_bbox(bbox, shrink_factor) == expected_result
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bbox = (0, 0, 200, 100)
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shrink_factor = 0.9
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expected_result = (10, 5, 190, 95)
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assert shrink_bbox(bbox, shrink_factor) == expected_result
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@ -265,25 +265,6 @@
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},
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"text": "Executive Summary"
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},
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{
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"type": "NarrativeText",
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"element_id": "2364a6d2f9a3858d51d91b817732e6c9",
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"metadata": {
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"data_source": {
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"url": "abfs://container1/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf",
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"version": 167189396509615428390709838081557906335,
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"record_locator": {
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"protocol": "abfs",
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"remote_file_path": "container1/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf"
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},
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"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:32:44+00:00",
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"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:32:44+00:00"
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},
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
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"page_number": 1
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},
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"text": "This report provides recommendations for a scientists based on analysis that draws on opinions of data scientists, curricula for existing science requirements science jobs."
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},
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{
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"type": "Title",
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"element_id": "6712d87f1d156abf6171f700e2875889",
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@ -303,6 +284,25 @@
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},
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"text": "biomedical"
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},
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{
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"type": "NarrativeText",
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"element_id": "2364a6d2f9a3858d51d91b817732e6c9",
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"metadata": {
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"data_source": {
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"url": "abfs://container1/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf",
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"version": 167189396509615428390709838081557906335,
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"record_locator": {
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"protocol": "abfs",
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"remote_file_path": "container1/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf"
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},
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"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:32:44+00:00",
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"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:32:44+00:00"
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},
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
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"page_number": 1
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},
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"text": "This report provides recommendations for a scientists based on analysis that draws on opinions of data scientists, curricula for existing science requirements science jobs."
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},
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{
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"type": "Title",
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"element_id": "3a6eb0790f39ac87c94f3856b2dd2c5d",
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@ -835,25 +835,6 @@
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},
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"text": "The"
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},
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{
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"type": "NarrativeText",
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"element_id": "cdc3773cb12cf99d302b9f00c48ae1e8",
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"metadata": {
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"data_source": {
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"url": "abfs://container1/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf",
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"version": 167189396509615428390709838081557906335,
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"record_locator": {
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"protocol": "abfs",
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"remote_file_path": "container1/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf"
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},
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"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:32:44+00:00",
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"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:32:44+00:00"
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},
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
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"page_number": 2
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},
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"text": "required of"
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},
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{
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"type": "Title",
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"element_id": "aa3b88196a6407c3866c85acdcc8c981",
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@ -873,6 +854,25 @@
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},
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"text": "Workforce"
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},
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{
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"type": "NarrativeText",
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"element_id": "cdc3773cb12cf99d302b9f00c48ae1e8",
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"metadata": {
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"data_source": {
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"url": "abfs://container1/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf",
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"version": 167189396509615428390709838081557906335,
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"record_locator": {
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"protocol": "abfs",
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"remote_file_path": "container1/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf"
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},
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"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:32:44+00:00",
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"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:32:44+00:00"
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},
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
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"page_number": 2
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},
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"text": "required of"
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},
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{
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"type": "NarrativeText",
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"element_id": "b72b62f1295c66f199256c1190177ce6",
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@ -1082,25 +1082,6 @@
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},
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"text": "b)"
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},
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{
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"type": "NarrativeText",
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"element_id": "1117af46b0a22dd02d3869ab9738a8a8",
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"metadata": {
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"data_source": {
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"url": "abfs://container1/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf",
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"version": 167189396509615428390709838081557906335,
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"record_locator": {
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"protocol": "abfs",
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"remote_file_path": "container1/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf"
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},
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"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:32:44+00:00",
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"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:32:44+00:00"
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},
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
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"page_number": 2
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},
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"text": "Data science skills taught in BD2K-funded training programs. A qualitative content analysis applied to the descriptions of required offered under the BD2kK-funded training programs. Each course was coded using qualitative data analysis software, with each skill that was present in the description counted once. The coding schema of data science-related skills was inductively developed and was organized four major categories: (1) statistics and math skills; (2) computer science; (3) subject knowledge; (4) general skills, like communication and teamwork. The coding schema is detailed in Appendix A."
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},
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{
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"type": "Title",
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"element_id": "6b847a0ed0b2c484c73f2749e29b4db5",
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@ -1120,6 +1101,25 @@
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},
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"text": "into"
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},
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{
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"type": "NarrativeText",
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"element_id": "1117af46b0a22dd02d3869ab9738a8a8",
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"metadata": {
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"data_source": {
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"url": "abfs://container1/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf",
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"version": 167189396509615428390709838081557906335,
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"record_locator": {
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"protocol": "abfs",
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"remote_file_path": "container1/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf"
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},
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"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:32:44+00:00",
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"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:32:44+00:00"
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},
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
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"page_number": 2
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},
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"text": "Data science skills taught in BD2K-funded training programs. A qualitative content analysis applied to the descriptions of required offered under the BD2kK-funded training programs. Each course was coded using qualitative data analysis software, with each skill that was present in the description counted once. The coding schema of data science-related skills was inductively developed and was organized four major categories: (1) statistics and math skills; (2) computer science; (3) subject knowledge; (4) general skills, like communication and teamwork. The coding schema is detailed in Appendix A."
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},
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{
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"type": "NarrativeText",
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"element_id": "b63b99f6383ba713b57ddfc77737c5f7",
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@ -1197,8 +1197,8 @@
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"text": "c)"
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},
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{
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"type": "NarrativeText",
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"element_id": "961a38da2886c3cc25091d912769aa0d",
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"type": "Title",
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"element_id": "6d0607a7a2ac9823f9fb2a62ea2b7385",
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"metadata": {
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"data_source": {
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"url": "abfs://container1/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf",
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@ -1213,7 +1213,7 @@
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
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"page_number": 2
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},
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"text": "job job government (8.5%), (42.4%), industry (83.9%), and nonprofit (15.3%) were sampled from websites like Glassdoor, Linkedin, and Ziprecruiter. The content analysis methodology and coding schema in analyzing the training programs were applied to the job descriptions. Because many job ads mentioned the same skill more than once, each occurrence of the skill was coded, therefore weighting single ad."
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"text": "Desired"
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},
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{
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"type": "NarrativeText",
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@ -1235,8 +1235,8 @@
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"text": "important skills that were mentioned multiple times in"
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},
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{
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"type": "Title",
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"element_id": "6d0607a7a2ac9823f9fb2a62ea2b7385",
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"type": "NarrativeText",
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"element_id": "961a38da2886c3cc25091d912769aa0d",
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"metadata": {
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"data_source": {
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"url": "abfs://container1/Core-Skills-for-Biomedical-Data-Scientists-2-pages.pdf",
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@ -1251,7 +1251,7 @@
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
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"page_number": 2
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},
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"text": "Desired"
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"text": "job job government (8.5%), (42.4%), industry (83.9%), and nonprofit (15.3%) were sampled from websites like Glassdoor, Linkedin, and Ziprecruiter. The content analysis methodology and coding schema in analyzing the training programs were applied to the job descriptions. Because many job ads mentioned the same skill more than once, each occurrence of the skill was coded, therefore weighting single ad."
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},
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{
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"type": "Title",
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@ -227,25 +227,6 @@
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},
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"text": "Changes to Accounting Methods Required Under the Tax Reform Act of 1986"
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},
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{
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"type": "NarrativeText",
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"element_id": "eb076cfd3d47e546c28611750afedc49",
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"metadata": {
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"data_source": {
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"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
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"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
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"record_locator": {
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"protocol": "abfs",
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"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
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},
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"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
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"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
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},
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
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"page_number": 1
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},
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"text": "Place for Filing and Late Applications. Instead, attach Form 3115 to your income tax return for the year of change; do not file it separately. Also include on a separate statement accompanying the Form 3115 the period over which the section 481(a) adjustment will be taken into account and"
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},
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{
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"type": "NarrativeText",
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"element_id": "0b320308ba52d4a9625d29cadfc941a9",
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@ -265,6 +246,25 @@
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},
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"text": "Uniform capitalization rules and limitation on cash method.—If you are required to change your method of accounting under section,263A (relating to the capitalization and inclusion in inventory costs of certain expenses) or 448 (limiting the use of the cash method of accounting by certain taxpayers) as added by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (“Act”), the change 1s treated as initiated by the taxpayer, approved by the Commissioner, and the period for taking the adjustments under section 481(a) into account will not exceed 4 years. (Hospitals required to change from the cash method under section 448 have 10 years to take the adjustrnents into account.) Complete Section A and the appropriate sections (B-1 or C and D) for which the change is required. Disregard the instructions under Time and"
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},
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{
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"type": "NarrativeText",
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"element_id": "eb076cfd3d47e546c28611750afedc49",
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"metadata": {
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"data_source": {
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"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
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"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
|
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"record_locator": {
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"protocol": "abfs",
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"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
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},
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"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
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"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
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},
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
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"page_number": 1
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},
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"text": "Place for Filing and Late Applications. Instead, attach Form 3115 to your income tax return for the year of change; do not file it separately. Also include on a separate statement accompanying the Form 3115 the period over which the section 481(a) adjustment will be taken into account and"
|
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},
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{
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"type": "NarrativeText",
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"element_id": "ee134711b01cac75692565ae4f785fd4",
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@ -303,25 +303,6 @@
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},
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"text": "Long-term contracts. —If you are required to change your method of accounting for long-term contracts under section 460, see Notice 87-61 (9/21/87), 1987-38 IRB 40, for the notification procedures that must be followed. Other methods.—Unless the Service has published a regulation or procedure to the contrary, all other changes !n accounting methods required by the Act are automatically considered to be approved by the Commissioner. Examples of method changes automatically approved by the Commissioner are those changes required to effect: (1) the repeal of the reserve method for bad debts of taxpayers other than financial institutions (Act section 805); (2) the repeal of the installment method for sales under a revolving credit plan (Act section 812); (3) the Inclusion of income attributable to the sale or furnishing of utility services no later than the year In which the services were provided to customers (Act section 821); and (4) the repeal of the deduction for qualified discount coupons (Act section 823). Do not file Form 3115 for these changes."
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},
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{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "af8bdf713f162b09567c8d1a3a2d4de7",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
|
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},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
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"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
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},
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
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"page_number": 1
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},
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"text": "Generally, applicants must file this form within the first 180 days of the tax year in which it is desired to make the change."
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},
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{
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"type": "Title",
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"element_id": "5756fb398995bb6518a87637f24f426e",
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@ -341,6 +322,25 @@
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},
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"text": "Time and Place for Filing"
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},
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{
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"type": "Title",
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"element_id": "af8bdf713f162b09567c8d1a3a2d4de7",
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"metadata": {
|
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"data_source": {
|
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"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
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"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
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"record_locator": {
|
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"protocol": "abfs",
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"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
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},
|
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"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
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"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
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},
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
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"page_number": 1
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},
|
||||
"text": "Generally, applicants must file this form within the first 180 days of the tax year in which it is desired to make the change."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "2aebd5bbfbc983d52ed7aee8eb7bc7cc",
|
||||
@ -493,25 +493,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Others.-—The employer identification number of an applicant other than an individual should be entered in this block."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "ede9004eceddf828c2c928f62d0687a0",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 1
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Signature Individuals. —An individual desiring the change should sign the application. If the application pertains to a husband and wife filing a joint income tax return, the names of both should appear in the heading and both should sign. Partnerships.—The form should be signed with the partnership name followed by the signature of one of the general partners and the words “General Partner.” Corporations, cooperatives, and insurance companies.—The form should show the name of the corporation, cooperative, or insurance company and the signature of the president, vice president, treasurer, assistant treasurer, or chief accounting officer (such as tax officer) authorized to sign, and his or her official title. Receivers, trustees, or assignees must sign any application they are required to file. For a subsidiary corporation filing a consolidated return with its parent, the form should be signed by an officer of the parent corporation. Fiduciaries.—The-form should show the name of the estate or trust and be signed by the fiduciary, personal representative, executor, executrix, administrator, administratrix, etc., having legal authority to sign, and his or her title. Preparer other than partner, officer, etc.—The signature of the individual preparing the application should appear in the space provided on page 6. If the individual or firm is also authorized to"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "f1a73e2204a114077f988c9da98d7f8b",
|
||||
@ -531,6 +512,25 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Signature"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "ede9004eceddf828c2c928f62d0687a0",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 1
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Signature Individuals. —An individual desiring the change should sign the application. If the application pertains to a husband and wife filing a joint income tax return, the names of both should appear in the heading and both should sign. Partnerships.—The form should be signed with the partnership name followed by the signature of one of the general partners and the words “General Partner.” Corporations, cooperatives, and insurance companies.—The form should show the name of the corporation, cooperative, or insurance company and the signature of the president, vice president, treasurer, assistant treasurer, or chief accounting officer (such as tax officer) authorized to sign, and his or her official title. Receivers, trustees, or assignees must sign any application they are required to file. For a subsidiary corporation filing a consolidated return with its parent, the form should be signed by an officer of the parent corporation. Fiduciaries.—The-form should show the name of the estate or trust and be signed by the fiduciary, personal representative, executor, executrix, administrator, administratrix, etc., having legal authority to sign, and his or her title. Preparer other than partner, officer, etc.—The signature of the individual preparing the application should appear in the space provided on page 6. If the individual or firm is also authorized to"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "1df7107903f249d938fbf3710f50283a",
|
||||
@ -702,6 +702,25 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "See section 5.06(2) of Rev. Proc. 84-74 for the required perjury statement that must be attached."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "678ecc0340dc8848f891bf12a555a3fd",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "If IRS later examines your return for the year of the change or for later years, it has the right to verify your statement at that time."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "751abc8c6a0fa412c3e8c18345f57f95",
|
||||
@ -723,7 +742,7 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "678ecc0340dc8848f891bf12a555a3fd",
|
||||
"element_id": "64758ada28beed36481b14ce8dc67472",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
@ -738,7 +757,83 @@
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "If IRS later examines your return for the year of the change or for later years, it has the right to verify your statement at that time."
|
||||
"text": "substantially all of the stock of which is owned by employees performing the services, retired employees who had performed the services, any estate of any individual who had performed the services listed above, or any person who acquired stock of the corporation as a result of the death of an employee or retiree described above if the acquisition occurred within 2 years of death. (3) Entities with gross receipts of $5,000,000 or less. —To qualify for this exception, the C corporation's or partnership’s annual average gross receipts for the three years ending with the prior tax year may not exceed $5,000,000. If the corporation or partnership was not in existence for the entire 3-year period, the period of existence is used to determine whether the corporation or partnership qualifies. If any tax year in the 3-year period is a short tax year, the corporation or partnership must annualize the gross receipts by multiplying the gross receipts by 12 and dividing the result by the number of months in the short period. For more information, see section 448 and Temporary Regulations section 1.448-1T."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "53e33d10c9df4a570490182ccef0cd95",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Section C"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "8d6743276d5bc8e32d0b05ba0b232db8",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Section E"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "86fab9f7b35d56a2d48baf0782b7c53d",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Section 460(f) provides that the term “long-term contract” means any contract for the manufacturing, building, installation, or construction of property that is not completed within the tax year in which it 1s entered into. However, a manufacturing contract will not qualify as a long-term contract unless the contract involves the manufacture of: (1) a unique item not normally included in your finished goods inventory, or (2) any item that normally requires more than 12 calendar months to complete."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "84cea2af17bb3760234b42f4ea78e175",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "All long-term contracts entered into after February 28, 1986, except for real property construction contracts expected to be completed within 2 years by contractors whose average annual gross receipts for the 3 prior tax years do not exceed $10,000,000, must be accounted for using either the percentage of completion- capitalized cost method or the percentage of completion method. See section 460. Caution: At the time these instructions were printed, Congress was considering legislation that would repeal the use of the percentage of completion-capitalized cost method for certain long-term contracts."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
@ -873,82 +968,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "(1) Farming businesses.—F or this purpose, the term “farming business” 1s defined in section 263A(e)(4), but it also includes the raising, harvesting, or growing of trees to which section 263A(c)(5) applies. Notwithstanding this exception, section 447 requires certain C corporations and partnerships with a C corporation as a partner to use the accrual method."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "0607edfa2419dd0cdc80f457872fe238",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "(2) Qualified personal service corporations. — A “qualified personal service corporation” is any corporation: (a) substantially all of the activities of which involve the performance of services in the fields of health, law,"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "50d16fd6b40a428c3befaf6dd19c2dcd",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "engineering, architecture, accounting, actuarial science, performing arts, or consulting, and (b)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "64758ada28beed36481b14ce8dc67472",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "substantially all of the stock of which is owned by employees performing the services, retired employees who had performed the services, any estate of any individual who had performed the services listed above, or any person who acquired stock of the corporation as a result of the death of an employee or retiree described above if the acquisition occurred within 2 years of death. (3) Entities with gross receipts of $5,000,000 or less. —To qualify for this exception, the C corporation's or partnership’s annual average gross receipts for the three years ending with the prior tax year may not exceed $5,000,000. If the corporation or partnership was not in existence for the entire 3-year period, the period of existence is used to determine whether the corporation or partnership qualifies. If any tax year in the 3-year period is a short tax year, the corporation or partnership must annualize the gross receipts by multiplying the gross receipts by 12 and dividing the result by the number of months in the short period. For more information, see section 448 and Temporary Regulations section 1.448-1T."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "53e33d10c9df4a570490182ccef0cd95",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Section C"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "6d2d2cfa00e5a8caec71ba799f60f8c6",
|
||||
@ -1044,82 +1063,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Section D"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "a8e72799229bc2d754f44ea167a6e7d6",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Applicants requesting to change their method of valuing property produced, property acquired for resale, or long-term contracts under section 263A or 460 MUST complete section D showing the treatment under both the present and proposed methods."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "8d6743276d5bc8e32d0b05ba0b232db8",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
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|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Section E"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "86fab9f7b35d56a2d48baf0782b7c53d",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Section 460(f) provides that the term “long-term contract” means any contract for the manufacturing, building, installation, or construction of property that is not completed within the tax year in which it 1s entered into. However, a manufacturing contract will not qualify as a long-term contract unless the contract involves the manufacture of: (1) a unique item not normally included in your finished goods inventory, or (2) any item that normally requires more than 12 calendar months to complete."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "84cea2af17bb3760234b42f4ea78e175",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf",
|
||||
"version": 307846589923949318200712033143133817358,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.pdf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "All long-term contracts entered into after February 28, 1986, except for real property construction contracts expected to be completed within 2 years by contractors whose average annual gross receipts for the 3 prior tax years do not exceed $10,000,000, must be accounted for using either the percentage of completion- capitalized cost method or the percentage of completion method. See section 460. Caution: At the time these instructions were printed, Congress was considering legislation that would repeal the use of the percentage of completion-capitalized cost method for certain long-term contracts."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "32786e68a6fd82dc356d2d58bf283dc4",
|
||||
@ -1215,6 +1158,63 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "If you are making an election under section 458, show the applicable information under Regulations section 1.458-10."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "0607edfa2419dd0cdc80f457872fe238",
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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||||
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||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "(2) Qualified personal service corporations. — A “qualified personal service corporation” is any corporation: (a) substantially all of the activities of which involve the performance of services in the fields of health, law,"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
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||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "engineering, architecture, accounting, actuarial science, performing arts, or consulting, and (b)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:36:30+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Applicants requesting to change their method of valuing property produced, property acquired for resale, or long-term contracts under section 263A or 460 MUST complete section D showing the treatment under both the present and proposed methods."
|
||||
},
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
@ -265,25 +265,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Changes to Accounting Methods Required Under the Tax Reform Act of 1986"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "b07efea243933525e9ec04a90622508d",
|
||||
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|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.png",
|
||||
"version": 328871203465633719836776597535876541325,
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||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.png"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:44:55+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:44:55+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "image/png",
|
||||
"page_number": 1
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "cash method.—If you are required to change your method of accounting under section, 263A (relating to the capitalization and inclusion in inventory costs of certain expenses) or 448 (imiting the use of the cash method of accounting by certain taxpayers) as added by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (\"Act\"), the change is treated as initiated by the taxpayer, approved by the Commissioner, and the period for taking the adjustments under section 481(a) into account will not exceed 4 years. (Hospitals required to cchange from the cash method under section 448 have 10 years to take the adjustments into account.) Complete Section A and the appropriate sections (B-1 or C and D) for which the change is required"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "11c98a9cbd6a200fbc5b93fed15007ac",
|
||||
@ -303,6 +284,25 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Uniform capitalization rules and limitation on"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "b07efea243933525e9ec04a90622508d",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.png",
|
||||
"version": 328871203465633719836776597535876541325,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.png"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:44:55+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:44:55+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "image/png",
|
||||
"page_number": 1
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "cash method.—If you are required to change your method of accounting under section, 263A (relating to the capitalization and inclusion in inventory costs of certain expenses) or 448 (imiting the use of the cash method of accounting by certain taxpayers) as added by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (\"Act\"), the change is treated as initiated by the taxpayer, approved by the Commissioner, and the period for taking the adjustments under section 481(a) into account will not exceed 4 years. (Hospitals required to cchange from the cash method under section 448 have 10 years to take the adjustments into account.) Complete Section A and the appropriate sections (B-1 or C and D) for which the change is required"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "39458f370b98a606db29ac6dee975e07",
|
||||
@ -474,25 +474,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "If your application is filed after the 180-day period, itis late. The application will be considered for processing only upon a showing of “good cause” and if it can be shown to the satisfaction of the Commissioner that granting you an extension will not jeopardize the Government's interests. For further information, see Rev. Proc. 79-63."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "ec3c2d03b846d2a186fc9a8f318f688b",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.png",
|
||||
"version": 328871203465633719836776597535876541325,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.png"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:44:55+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:44:55+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "image/png",
|
||||
"page_number": 1
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Individuals. —An individual should enter his or her social security number in this block. If the application is made on behalf of a husband and wife who file their income tax return jointly, enter the social security numbers of both."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "025a65465b6fd9635316e92633b24c7e",
|
||||
@ -512,6 +493,25 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Identifying Number"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "ec3c2d03b846d2a186fc9a8f318f688b",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
||||
"url": "abfs://container1/IRS-form-1987.png",
|
||||
"version": 328871203465633719836776597535876541325,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "abfs",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "container1/IRS-form-1987.png"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:44:55+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:44:55+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "image/png",
|
||||
"page_number": 1
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Individuals. —An individual should enter his or her social security number in this block. If the application is made on behalf of a husband and wife who file their income tax return jointly, enter the social security numbers of both."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "9240bfa889b87dc2fb3fa746ca4eeeb4",
|
||||
@ -531,25 +531,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Others.-—The employer identification number of an applicant other than an individual should be entered in this block,"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "f8e8c87d2e958a23153d7f25b159f0ee",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
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|
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"protocol": "abfs",
|
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|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:44:55+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:44:55+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "image/png",
|
||||
"page_number": 1
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Individuals.—An individual desiring the change should sign the application. Ifthe application pertains to a husband and wife filing a joint Income tax return, the names of both should appear in the heading and both should sign Partnerships.—The form should be signed with the partnership name followed by the signature of one of the general partners and the words “General Partner.” Corporations, cooperatives, and insurance companies.—The form should show the name of the corporation, cooperative, or insurance Company and the signature of the president, vice president, treasurer, assistant treasurer, or chief accounting officer (such as tax officer) authorized tosign, and his or her official title. Receivers, trustees, or assignees must sign any application they are required to file, For a subsidiary corporation filing a consolidated return with its parent, the form should be signed by an officer of the parent corporation, Fiduciaries.—The-form should show the name of the estate or trust and be signed by the fiduciary, personal representative, executor, executrix, administrator, administratrx, etc’, having legal authority to'sign, and his or her ttle. Preparer other than partner, officer, etc.—The signature of the individual preparing the application should appear in the space provided on page 6."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "55d4f33b09f24dd3b27865a5f34bfeb9",
|
||||
@ -569,6 +550,25 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Signature tea"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "f8e8c87d2e958a23153d7f25b159f0ee",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {
|
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"record_locator": {
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"protocol": "abfs",
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|
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},
|
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"date_created": "2023-03-10T09:44:55+00:00",
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-03-10T09:44:55+00:00"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "image/png",
|
||||
"page_number": 1
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Individuals.—An individual desiring the change should sign the application. Ifthe application pertains to a husband and wife filing a joint Income tax return, the names of both should appear in the heading and both should sign Partnerships.—The form should be signed with the partnership name followed by the signature of one of the general partners and the words “General Partner.” Corporations, cooperatives, and insurance companies.—The form should show the name of the corporation, cooperative, or insurance Company and the signature of the president, vice president, treasurer, assistant treasurer, or chief accounting officer (such as tax officer) authorized tosign, and his or her official title. Receivers, trustees, or assignees must sign any application they are required to file, For a subsidiary corporation filing a consolidated return with its parent, the form should be signed by an officer of the parent corporation, Fiduciaries.—The-form should show the name of the estate or trust and be signed by the fiduciary, personal representative, executor, executrix, administrator, administratrx, etc’, having legal authority to'sign, and his or her ttle. Preparer other than partner, officer, etc.—The signature of the individual preparing the application should appear in the space provided on page 6."
|
||||
},
|
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{
|
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|
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"element_id": "35f1273e073cf159019550bc35b6692c",
|
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|
||||
@ -580,14 +580,14 @@
|
||||
"text": "Fig. 2. Corrosion rate versus exposure time for stainless steel immersed in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution in the absence and presence of ES."
|
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},
|
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"data_source": {},
|
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "%"
|
||||
"text": "i"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
@ -599,16 +599,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": ") r a e y / m m"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
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"element_id": "32ebb1abcc1c601ceb9c4e3c4faba0ca",
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|
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
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"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
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"text": "("
|
||||
},
|
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{
|
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"type": "NarrativeText",
|
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"element_id": "49e7364ce1027887460959b2a757b184",
|
||||
@ -619,36 +609,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "( e t a r n o s o r r o C"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "de7d1b721a1e0632b7cf04edf5032c8e",
|
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"metadata": {
|
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"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "i"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "de7d1b721a1e0632b7cf04edf5032c8e",
|
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"metadata": {
|
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"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
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"text": "i"
|
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|
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{
|
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|
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": ")"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
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"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "74599fca46202613cccb12e97774b306",
|
||||
@ -669,6 +629,16 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "i"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "de7d1b721a1e0632b7cf04edf5032c8e",
|
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"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "i"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
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"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "bbe120714b80df07396e808f98b3f354",
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@ -681,13 +651,33 @@
|
||||
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|
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|
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"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "(mm/year) 100 4 80 4 Efficiency (%) 1 _—__. —o— SS v- —a— 74 —~X_ Senn, —y— ~~. —6~ —__, ~ —o- ol, T T T T T T T 1"
|
||||
"text": "("
|
||||
},
|
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{
|
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|
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|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
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|
||||
"text": "%"
|
||||
},
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
"element_id": "ba5ec51d07a4ac0e951608704431d59a",
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|
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|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": ")"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
@ -729,6 +719,16 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "100"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "525fbe4b6760bd759bfeeae2ee487f12",
|
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"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "(mm/year) 100 4 80 4 Efficiency (%) 1 _—__. —o— SS v- —a— 74 —~X_ Senn, —y— ~~. —6~ —__, ~ —o- ol, T T T T T T T 1"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
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|
||||
"element_id": "4a44dc15364204a80fe80e9039455cc1",
|
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@ -739,16 +739,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "10"
|
||||
},
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
"element_id": "f5ca38f748a1d6eaf726b8a42fb575c3",
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|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "20"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
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|
||||
"element_id": "624b60c58c9d8bfb6ff1886c2fd605d2",
|
||||
@ -759,6 +749,26 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "30"
|
||||
},
|
||||
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|
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"element_id": "f5ca38f748a1d6eaf726b8a42fb575c3",
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|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "20"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
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|
||||
"element_id": "69f59c273b6e669ac32a6dd5e1b2cb63",
|
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|
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@ -769,6 +779,16 @@
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@ -799,36 +819,6 @@
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@ -939,6 +929,16 @@
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||||
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||||
"text": "2g 4g 6g 8g 10g"
|
||||
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@ -1110,14 +1110,14 @@
|
||||
"text": "Table 1 Potentiodynamic polarization data for stainless steel in the absence and presence of ES in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Inhibitor be (V/dec) ba (V/dec) Ecorr (V) icorr (A/cm?) Polarization Corrosion concentration (g) resistance (Q) rate (mm/year) oO 0.0335 0.0409 0.0003 24.0910 2.8163 2 1.9460 0.0596 0.0002 121.440 1.5054 4 0.0163 0.2369 0.0001 42.121 0.9476 6 0.3233 0.0540 5.39E-05 373.180 0.4318 8 0.1240 0.0556 5.46E-05 305.650 0.3772 10 0.0382 0.0086 1.24E-05 246.080 0.0919"
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||||
"text": "0 2 4 6 8 10"
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},
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||||
{
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||||
"type": "Title",
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||||
@ -1130,24 +1130,14 @@
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"text": "Inhibitor concentration (g)"
|
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},
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"text": "0 2 4 6 8 10"
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"element_id": "bcf00b4904f5661d6baef52e7e09e9b1",
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"page_number": 4
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "bc (V/dec)"
|
||||
"text": "Inhibitor be (V/dec) ba (V/dec) Ecorr (V) icorr (A/cm?) Polarization Corrosion concentration (g) resistance (Q) rate (mm/year) oO 0.0335 0.0409 0.0003 24.0910 2.8163 2 1.9460 0.0596 0.0002 121.440 1.5054 4 0.0163 0.2369 0.0001 42.121 0.9476 6 0.3233 0.0540 5.39E-05 373.180 0.4318 8 0.1240 0.0556 5.46E-05 305.650 0.3772 10 0.0382 0.0086 1.24E-05 246.080 0.0919"
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@ -1161,13 +1151,13 @@
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"type": "Title",
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"element_id": "12e486f4a9b3a1805bf7e95b5d01847b",
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"element_id": "bcf00b4904f5661d6baef52e7e09e9b1",
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
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"page_number": 4
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||||
},
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||||
"text": "ba (V/dec)"
|
||||
"text": "bc (V/dec)"
|
||||
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|
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@ -1179,6 +1169,16 @@
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},
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"text": "0.0409 0.0596 0.2369 0.0540 0.0556 0.0086"
|
||||
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||||
},
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"text": "ba (V/dec)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
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||||
"element_id": "7bc31ed7ab5a625735657499f636c1f2",
|
||||
@ -1199,16 +1199,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "(cid:3) 0.9393 (cid:3) 0.8276 (cid:3) 0.8825 (cid:3) 0.8027 (cid:3) 0.5896 (cid:3) 0.5356"
|
||||
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"type": "Title",
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"page_number": 4
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||||
},
|
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"text": "icorr (A/cm2)"
|
||||
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@ -1221,13 +1211,13 @@
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||||
"page_number": 4
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Polarization resistance (Ω)"
|
||||
"text": "icorr (A/cm2)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
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@ -1241,13 +1231,13 @@
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||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
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||||
"page_number": 4
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Corrosion rate (mm/year)"
|
||||
"text": "Polarization resistance (Ω)"
|
||||
},
|
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@ -1259,6 +1249,16 @@
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"text": "2.8163 1.5054 0.9476 0.4318 0.3772 0.0919"
|
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},
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"page_number": 4
|
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},
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"text": "Corrosion rate (mm/year)"
|
||||
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@ -1329,16 +1329,6 @@
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"text": "2"
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@ -1369,6 +1359,16 @@
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"text": "2"
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@ -199,16 +199,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Specifications table"
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Subject area Operations research More specific subject area Vehicle scheduling Type of data How data were acquired"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "41e0fa358cefcadbb2633ec45ff2d129",
|
||||
@ -229,6 +219,16 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Experimental features Data source location Data accessibility Related research article"
|
||||
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"page_number": 2
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"text": "Subject area Operations research More specific subject area Vehicle scheduling Type of data How data were acquired"
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"element_id": "b97bb84430abd87625f9a82f95423073",
|
||||
@ -259,16 +259,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "(cid:2) The dataset contains 60 different problem instances of the MDVSP that can be used to evaluate the"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
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"type": "NarrativeText",
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"element_id": "7c8bc2811f71480b433eb6fee2a3bb33",
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"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "(cid:2) The data provide all the information that is required to model the MDVSP by using the existing"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "bd7d750cb9f652c80c17a264072b8858",
|
||||
@ -281,13 +271,13 @@
|
||||
},
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{
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"element_id": "e69dab6e2bc16d11cfd2d80a804d89fb",
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"metadata": {
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||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "(cid:2) All the problem instances are available for use without any restrictions. (cid:2) The benchmark solutions and solution time for the problem instances are presented in [3] and can"
|
||||
"text": "(cid:2) The data provide all the information that is required to model the MDVSP by using the existing"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
@ -301,13 +291,13 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
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||||
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|
||||
"element_id": "1c1d6b35ac0925a35ea3bb4d018e675f",
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|
||||
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|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "(cid:2) The dataset includes a program that can generate similar problem instances of different sizes."
|
||||
"text": "(cid:2) All the problem instances are available for use without any restrictions. (cid:2) The benchmark solutions and solution time for the problem instances are presented in [3] and can"
|
||||
},
|
||||
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|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
@ -319,6 +309,16 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "be used for the comparison."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "(cid:2) The dataset includes a program that can generate similar problem instances of different sizes."
|
||||
},
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
@ -339,16 +339,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "The dataset contains 60 different problem instances of the multiple depot vehicle scheduling pro- blem (MDVSP). Each problem instance is provided in a separate file. Each file is named as ‘RN-m-n-k.dat’, where ‘m’, ‘n’, and ‘k’ denote the number of depots, the number of trips, and the instance number"
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "‘RN-8-1500-01.dat’, is the first problem instance with 8 depots and 1500 trips. For the number of depots, m, we used three values, 8, 12, and 16. The four values for the number of trips, n, are 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000. For each size, (m,n), five instances are provided. The dataset can be downloaded from https://orlib.uqcloud.net."
|
||||
},
|
||||
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|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "10c22bcf4c768b515be4e94bcafc71bf",
|
||||
@ -359,6 +349,16 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "for"
|
||||
},
|
||||
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|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "‘RN-8-1500-01.dat’, is the first problem instance with 8 depots and 1500 trips. For the number of depots, m, we used three values, 8, 12, and 16. The four values for the number of trips, n, are 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000. For each size, (m,n), five instances are provided. The dataset can be downloaded from https://orlib.uqcloud.net."
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
@ -619,16 +619,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "the depot."
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "The dataset also includes a program ‘GenerateInstance.cpp’ that can be used to generate new instances. The program takes three inputs, the number of depots ðmÞ, the number of trips ðnÞ, and the number of instances for each size ðm; nÞ."
|
||||
},
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
"element_id": "1c59f2a7ce8a3fa55810df93d58e636e",
|
||||
@ -639,16 +629,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "A sufficient number of vehicles are provided to maintain the feasibility of an instance. For each instance size ðm; nÞ, Table 1 provides the average of the number of locations, the number of times, the number of vehicles, and the number of possible empty travels, over five instances. The number of locations includes m distinct locations for depots and the number of locations at which various trips start or end. The number of times includes the start and the end time of the planning horizon and the start/end times for the trips. The number of vehicles is the total number of vehicles from all the depots. The number of possible empty travels is the number of possible connections between trips that require a vehicle travelling empty between two consecutive trips in a schedule."
|
||||
},
|
||||
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||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "The description of the file for each problem instance is presented in Table 2. The first line in the file provides the number of depots ðmÞ, the number of trips, ðnÞ, and the number of locations ðlÞ, in the problem instance. The next n lines present the information for n trips. Each line corresponds to a trip, i A 1; …; n g, and provides the start location, the start time, the end location, and the end time of trip i. The next l lines present the travel times between any two locations, i; jA 1; …; l"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "252f10c83610ebca1a059c0bae8255eb",
|
||||
@ -659,6 +639,16 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "f"
|
||||
},
|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "The description of the file for each problem instance is presented in Table 2. The first line in the file provides the number of depots ðmÞ, the number of trips, ðnÞ, and the number of locations ðlÞ, in the problem instance. The next n lines present the information for n trips. Each line corresponds to a trip, i A 1; …; n g, and provides the start location, the start time, the end location, and the end time of trip i. The next l lines present the travel times between any two locations, i; jA 1; …; l"
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
@ -689,6 +679,16 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "."
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "The dataset also includes a program ‘GenerateInstance.cpp’ that can be used to generate new instances. The program takes three inputs, the number of depots ðmÞ, the number of trips ðnÞ, and the number of instances for each size ðm; nÞ."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
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|
||||
@ -699,26 +699,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Table 1 Average number of locations, times, vehicles and empty travels for each instance size."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Table",
|
||||
"element_id": "1d8fd023cd0978f7a6500815d2ad0ef6",
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||||
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||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Instance size (m, n) Average number of Locations Times Vehicles Possible empty travels (8, 1500) 568.40 975.20 652.20 668,279.40 (8, 2000) 672.80 1048.00 857.20 1,195,844.80 (8, 2500) 923.40 1078.00 1082.40 1,866,175.20 (8, 3000) 977.00 1113.20 1272.80 2,705,617.00 (12, 1500) 566.00 994.00 642.00 674,191.00 (12, 2000) 732.60 1040.60 861.20 1,199,659.80 (12, 2500) 875.00 1081.00 1096.00 1,878,745.20 (12, 3000) 1119.60 1107.40 1286.20 2,711,180.40 (16, 1500) 581.80 985.40 667.80 673,585.80 (16, 2000) 778.00 1040.60 872.40 1,200,560.80 (16, 2500) 879.00 1083.20 1076.40 1,879,387.00 ) (16, 3000 1087.20 1101.60 1284.60 2,684,983.60"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "0580daab1f34babd90ca1aaa345984f1",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Instance size (m, n)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "6d1f07a97479928ee102d525dd11d2d7",
|
||||
@ -731,13 +711,33 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "47a68d3aa70030f2e7886e3f1cb07c69",
|
||||
"element_id": "0580daab1f34babd90ca1aaa345984f1",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Average number of"
|
||||
"text": "Instance size (m, n)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Table",
|
||||
"element_id": "1d8fd023cd0978f7a6500815d2ad0ef6",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Instance size (m, n) Average number of Locations Times Vehicles Possible empty travels (8, 1500) 568.40 975.20 652.20 668,279.40 (8, 2000) 672.80 1048.00 857.20 1,195,844.80 (8, 2500) 923.40 1078.00 1082.40 1,866,175.20 (8, 3000) 977.00 1113.20 1272.80 2,705,617.00 (12, 1500) 566.00 994.00 642.00 674,191.00 (12, 2000) 732.60 1040.60 861.20 1,199,659.80 (12, 2500) 875.00 1081.00 1096.00 1,878,745.20 (12, 3000) 1119.60 1107.40 1286.20 2,711,180.40 (16, 1500) 581.80 985.40 667.80 673,585.80 (16, 2000) 778.00 1040.60 872.40 1,200,560.80 (16, 2500) 879.00 1083.20 1076.40 1,879,387.00 ) (16, 3000 1087.20 1101.60 1284.60 2,684,983.60"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "1cb85e5f94671526c0cf38dc533f87e0",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "568.40 672.80 923.40 977.00 566.00 732.60 875.00 1119.60 581.80 778.00 879.00 1087.20"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
@ -750,14 +750,14 @@
|
||||
"text": "Locations"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "1cb85e5f94671526c0cf38dc533f87e0",
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "47a68d3aa70030f2e7886e3f1cb07c69",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "568.40 672.80 923.40 977.00 566.00 732.60 875.00 1119.60 581.80 778.00 879.00 1087.20"
|
||||
"text": "Average number of"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
@ -799,16 +799,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "652.20 857.20 1082.40 1272.80 642.00 861.20 1096.00 1286.20 667.80 872.40 1076.40 1284.60"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "68ec9a56bde1cd8ea67340bf9cb829cb",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Possible empty travels"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "4a30645cb68832ec26e551345d9cff0a",
|
||||
@ -819,6 +809,16 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "668,279.40 1,195,844.80 1,866,175.20 2,705,617.00 674,191.00 1,199,659.80 1,878,745.20 2,711,180.40 673,585.80 1,200,560.80 1,879,387.00 2,684,983.60"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "68ec9a56bde1cd8ea67340bf9cb829cb",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Possible empty travels"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "0a1b09ff562f4d063703cbf021ee297f",
|
||||
@ -919,16 +919,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "l"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "78f6ff03dfac8dfb7f319de1e369590d",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 4
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "The number of depots, the number of trips, and the number of locations. The number of vehicles rg at each depot d. One line for each trip, i= 1,2, ...,n. Each line provides the start location and the end time ¢¢ for the corresponding trip. Each element, 6j, where i,j ¢ 1,2, ...,1, refers to the travel time between location i and location j."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "336074805fc853987abe6f7fe3ad97a6",
|
||||
@ -939,6 +929,16 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "time"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "78f6ff03dfac8dfb7f319de1e369590d",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 4
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "The number of depots, the number of trips, and the number of locations. The number of vehicles rg at each depot d. One line for each trip, i= 1,2, ...,n. Each line provides the start location and the end time ¢¢ for the corresponding trip. Each element, 6j, where i,j ¢ 1,2, ...,1, refers to the travel time between location i and location j."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "8ee69286d5f681913dbfdeb60bedc572",
|
||||
@ -1079,16 +1079,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "[3] S. Kulkarni, M. Krishnamoorthy, A. Ranade, A.T. Ernst, R. Patil, A new formulation and a column generation-based heuristic"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "16c341408703257ff517dcc76140e2c0",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 4
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "[4] A.S. Pepin, G. Desaulniers, A. Hertz, D. Huisman, A comparison of five heuristics for the multiple depot vehicle scheduling"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "c4f2c64b5f38feaa921647abceebaec8",
|
||||
@ -1099,6 +1089,16 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "for the multiple depot vehicle scheduling problem, Transp. Res. Part B Methodol. 118 (2018) 457–487."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "16c341408703257ff517dcc76140e2c0",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 4
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "[4] A.S. Pepin, G. Desaulniers, A. Hertz, D. Huisman, A comparison of five heuristics for the multiple depot vehicle scheduling"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "aa252076bc877d1ba2b95aa13b73ff72",
|
||||
|
||||
@ -59,6 +59,16 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "S6. SLEEP ENDOPHENOTYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: A HIGH-DENSITY EEG STUDY IN DRUG-NAÏVE, FIRST EPISODE PSYCHOSIS PATIENTS"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "d981d6dfaa8794c0bb733db0965b2831",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 1
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Amedeo Minichino*1, Beata Godlewska1, Philip Cowen1, Philip Burnet1, Belinda Lennox1 1University of Oxford"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "e97f1cf1c49f397732e68cf1efb2355e",
|
||||
@ -79,16 +89,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Background: Slow waves, the hallmark of the deep nonrapid eye move- ment sleep electroencephalogram (EEG), are critical for restorative sleep and brain plasticity. They arise from the synchronous depolarization and hyperpolarization of millions of cortical neurons and their proper gen- eration and propagation relies upon the integrity of widespread cortico- thalamic networks. Slow wave abnormalities have been reported in patient with Schizophrenia, although with partially contradictory results, probably related to antipsychotic and sedative medications. Recently, their presence and delineation, have been convincingly shown in first-episode psychosis patients (FEP). However, clear evidence of this biomarker at the onset of the disease, prior to any psychopharmacological intervention, remains limited. Moreover, no attempt has been made to elucidate the prognostic meaning of this finding. Methods: We collected whole night sleep high–density electroencephalog- raphy recordings (64-channel BrainAmp, Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany) in 20 drug-naive FEP patients and 20 healthy control subjects (HC). Several clinical psychometric scales as well as neurocognitive tests were administered to all subjects in order to better define psychopatholog- ical status and vulnerability. EEG slow wave activity (SWA, spectral power between 1 and 4 Hz) and several slow wave parameters were computed at each electrode location, including density and amplitude, at each electrode location. Along with a group analysis between FEP and HC, a subgroup analysis was also computed between patients who showed a progression of symptoms to full-blown Schizophrenia (SCZ, n = 10) over the next 12-month follow-up and those who did not (OTH, n = 10). Results: Sleep macro-architecture was globally preserved in FEP patients. SWA (1–4 Hz) was lower in FEP compared to HC but this difference didn’t reach statistical significance. Slow wave density was decreased in FEP compared to HC, with a significance that survived multiple comparison correction over a large fronto-central cluster. Mean amplitude was pre- served. At the subgroup analysis, these results were largely driven by the subgroup of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of SCZ at a 12-month fol- low-up. Indeed, no difference could be found between OTH and HC, while a strong significance was still evident between SCZ and HC."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "d981d6dfaa8794c0bb733db0965b2831",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 1
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Amedeo Minichino*1, Beata Godlewska1, Philip Cowen1, Philip Burnet1, Belinda Lennox1 1University of Oxford"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "6164e852cb79f9408e833e350240ac5c",
|
||||
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
@ -193,17 +193,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Subject area More specific subject area Surface science and engineering Type of data"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "b27e559f6c00d2bde61efba5db252e31",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 1,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Materials engineering"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "1064dcef42380cfdb90c668aa3a670a3",
|
||||
@ -215,6 +204,17 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Table and figure"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "b27e559f6c00d2bde61efba5db252e31",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 1,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Materials engineering"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "e4359c72057b318ddf5a64f9b97539c4",
|
||||
@ -424,6 +424,17 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "The results of the experiment are presented in this session. The results obtained from weight loss method for stainless steel Type 316 immersed in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution in the absence and presence of different concentrations of egg shell powder (ES) are presented in Figs. 1–3 respectively. It can be seen clearly from these Figures that the efficiency of egg shell powder increase with the inhibitor con- centration, The increase in its efficiency could be as a result of increase in the constituent molecule"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "624b60c58c9d8bfb6ff1886c2fd605d2",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "30"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "e28e0dc941accc8694040c63091b580c",
|
||||
@ -490,17 +501,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "i"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "624b60c58c9d8bfb6ff1886c2fd605d2",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "30"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "f5ca38f748a1d6eaf726b8a42fb575c3",
|
||||
|
||||
@ -264,17 +264,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Specifications table"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "5c3978ebc42ea4f11240c221ac3be1cf",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Subject area Operations research More specific subject area Vehicle scheduling Type of data How data were acquired"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "41e0fa358cefcadbb2633ec45ff2d129",
|
||||
@ -297,6 +286,17 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Experimental features Data source location Data accessibility Related research article"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "5c3978ebc42ea4f11240c221ac3be1cf",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Subject area Operations research More specific subject area Vehicle scheduling Type of data How data were acquired"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "eed804f27c782a8a3643b5d5379099d4",
|
||||
@ -336,17 +336,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "(cid:2) The dataset contains 60 different problem instances of the MDVSP that can be used to evaluate the"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "7c8bc2811f71480b433eb6fee2a3bb33",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "(cid:2) The data provide all the information that is required to model the MDVSP by using the existing"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "bd7d750cb9f652c80c17a264072b8858",
|
||||
@ -360,14 +349,14 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "e69dab6e2bc16d11cfd2d80a804d89fb",
|
||||
"element_id": "7c8bc2811f71480b433eb6fee2a3bb33",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "(cid:2) All the problem instances are available for use without any restrictions. (cid:2) The benchmark solutions and solution time for the problem instances are presented in [3] and can"
|
||||
"text": "(cid:2) The data provide all the information that is required to model the MDVSP by using the existing"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
@ -382,14 +371,14 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "1c1d6b35ac0925a35ea3bb4d018e675f",
|
||||
"element_id": "e69dab6e2bc16d11cfd2d80a804d89fb",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "(cid:2) The dataset includes a program that can generate similar problem instances of different sizes."
|
||||
"text": "(cid:2) All the problem instances are available for use without any restrictions. (cid:2) The benchmark solutions and solution time for the problem instances are presented in [3] and can"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
@ -402,6 +391,17 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "be used for the comparison."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "1c1d6b35ac0925a35ea3bb4d018e675f",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 2,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "(cid:2) The dataset includes a program that can generate similar problem instances of different sizes."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "c2b2b778d53cc9a1cb4dc340476bc5aa",
|
||||
@ -705,17 +705,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "A sufficient number of vehicles are provided to maintain the feasibility of an instance. For each instance size ðm; nÞ, Table 1 provides the average of the number of locations, the number of times, the number of vehicles, and the number of possible empty travels, over five instances. The number of locations includes m distinct locations for depots and the number of locations at which various trips start or end. The number of times includes the start and the end time of the planning horizon and the start/end times for the trips. The number of vehicles is the total number of vehicles from all the depots. The number of possible empty travels is the number of possible connections between trips that require a vehicle travelling empty between two consecutive trips in a schedule."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "928fa0dcad70f173bc989ee5715375c5",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "The description of the file for each problem instance is presented in Table 2. The first line in the file provides the number of depots ðmÞ, the number of trips, ðnÞ, and the number of locations ðlÞ, in the problem instance. The next n lines present the information for n trips. Each line corresponds to a trip, i A 1; …; n g, and provides the start location, the start time, the end location, and the end time of trip i. The next l lines present the travel times between any two locations, i; jA 1; …; l"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "252f10c83610ebca1a059c0bae8255eb",
|
||||
@ -727,6 +716,17 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "f"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "928fa0dcad70f173bc989ee5715375c5",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "The description of the file for each problem instance is presented in Table 2. The first line in the file provides the number of depots ðmÞ, the number of trips, ðnÞ, and the number of locations ðlÞ, in the problem instance. The next n lines present the information for n trips. Each line corresponds to a trip, i A 1; …; n g, and provides the start location, the start time, the end location, and the end time of trip i. The next l lines present the travel times between any two locations, i; jA 1; …; l"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "89507815c6b4a6f31e6d3da7fca6b561",
|
||||
@ -1152,23 +1152,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "[1] G. Carpaneto, M. Dell'Amico, M. Fischetti, P. Toth, A branch and bound algorithm for the multiple depot vehicle scheduling"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "19dee0a4e8fd073350e234b4352b8af6",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 4,
|
||||
"links": [
|
||||
{
|
||||
"text": "N . Kliewer , T . Mellouli , L . Suhl , Atime – spacenetworkbasedexactoptimizationmodelformulti - depotbusscheduling , Eur",
|
||||
"url": "http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2352-3409(18)31594-4/sbref2",
|
||||
"start_index": 4
|
||||
}
|
||||
]
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "[2] N. Kliewer, T. Mellouli, L. Suhl, A time–space network based exact optimization model for multi-depot bus scheduling, Eur."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "bec40b25a277a08de3415e33284fc76d",
|
||||
@ -1191,6 +1174,23 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "problem, Networks 19 (5) (1989) 531–548."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "19dee0a4e8fd073350e234b4352b8af6",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 4,
|
||||
"links": [
|
||||
{
|
||||
"text": "N . Kliewer , T . Mellouli , L . Suhl , Atime – spacenetworkbasedexactoptimizationmodelformulti - depotbusscheduling , Eur",
|
||||
"url": "http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2352-3409(18)31594-4/sbref2",
|
||||
"start_index": 4
|
||||
}
|
||||
]
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "[2] N. Kliewer, T. Mellouli, L. Suhl, A time–space network based exact optimization model for multi-depot bus scheduling, Eur."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "5f5ca82752a3220998c06ea0c44eb80e",
|
||||
|
||||
@ -65,6 +65,17 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "S6. SLEEP ENDOPHENOTYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: A HIGH-DENSITY EEG STUDY IN DRUG-NAÏVE, FIRST EPISODE PSYCHOSIS PATIENTS"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "5ce0f6dc16582eaf81312c412e99ebb9",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 1,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Amedeo Minichino*1, Beata Godlewska1, Philip Cowen1, Philip Burnet1, Belinda Lennox1 1University of Oxford"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "e97f1cf1c49f397732e68cf1efb2355e",
|
||||
@ -87,17 +98,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Background: Slow waves, the hallmark of the deep nonrapid eye move- ment sleep electroencephalogram (EEG), are critical for restorative sleep and brain plasticity. They arise from the synchronous depolarization and hyperpolarization of millions of cortical neurons and their proper gen- eration and propagation relies upon the integrity of widespread cortico- thalamic networks. Slow wave abnormalities have been reported in patient with Schizophrenia, although with partially contradictory results, probably related to antipsychotic and sedative medications. Recently, their presence and delineation, have been convincingly shown in first-episode psychosis patients (FEP). However, clear evidence of this biomarker at the onset of the disease, prior to any psychopharmacological intervention, remains limited. Moreover, no attempt has been made to elucidate the prognostic meaning of this finding. Methods: We collected whole night sleep high–density electroencephalog- raphy recordings (64-channel BrainAmp, Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany) in 20 drug-naive FEP patients and 20 healthy control subjects (HC). Several clinical psychometric scales as well as neurocognitive tests were administered to all subjects in order to better define psychopatholog- ical status and vulnerability. EEG slow wave activity (SWA, spectral power between 1 and 4 Hz) and several slow wave parameters were computed at each electrode location, including density and amplitude, at each electrode location. Along with a group analysis between FEP and HC, a subgroup analysis was also computed between patients who showed a progression of symptoms to full-blown Schizophrenia (SCZ, n = 10) over the next 12-month follow-up and those who did not (OTH, n = 10). Results: Sleep macro-architecture was globally preserved in FEP patients. SWA (1–4 Hz) was lower in FEP compared to HC but this difference didn’t reach statistical significance. Slow wave density was decreased in FEP compared to HC, with a significance that survived multiple comparison correction over a large fronto-central cluster. Mean amplitude was pre- served. At the subgroup analysis, these results were largely driven by the subgroup of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of SCZ at a 12-month fol- low-up. Indeed, no difference could be found between OTH and HC, while a strong significance was still evident between SCZ and HC."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "5ce0f6dc16582eaf81312c412e99ebb9",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 1,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Amedeo Minichino*1, Beata Godlewska1, Philip Cowen1, Philip Burnet1, Belinda Lennox1 1University of Oxford"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "9e7cc386b1093b082bccf936861747aa",
|
||||
|
||||
@ -131,17 +131,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Monetary policy starts to bite. Signs are apparent that monetary policy tightening is starting to cool demand and inflation, but the full impact is unlikely to be realized before 2024. Global headline inflation appears to have peaked in the third quarter of 2022 (Figure 1). Prices of fuel and nonfuel commodities have declined, lowering headline inflation, notably in the United States, the euro area, and Latin America. But underlying (core) inflation has not yet peaked in most economies and remains well above pre-pandemic levels. It has persisted amid second-round effects from earlier cost shocks and tight labor markets with robust wage growth as consumer demand has remained resilient. Medium-term inflation expectations generally remain anchored, but some gauges are up. These developments have caused central banks to raise rates faster than expected, especially in the United States and the euro area, and to signal that rates will stay elevated for longer. Core inflation is declining in some economies that have completed their tightening cycle—such as Brazil. Financial markets are displaying high sensitivity to inflation news, with equity markets rising following recent releases of lower inflation data in anticipation of interest rate cuts (Box 1), despite central banks’ communicating their resolve to tighten policy further. With the peak in US headline inflation and an acceleration in rate hikes by several non-US central banks, the dollar has weakened since September but remains significantly stronger than a year ago."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "0cce65035ca66e9be782c845ddd606e2",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Figure 1. Twin Peaks? Headline and Core Inflation (Percent, year over year)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "808caaef5b114d874a25b7fec21b5516",
|
||||
@ -164,17 +153,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "–2"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "e26dceaba57a5f670d91ac170e8706d1",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Sources: Haver Analytics; and IMF staff calculations. Note: The figure shows the developments in headline and core inflation across 18 advanced economies and 17 emerging market and developing economies. Core inflation is the change in prices for goods and services, but excluding those for food and energy (or the closest available measure). For the euro area (and other European countries for which the data are available), energy, food, alcohol, and tobacco are excluded. The gray bands depict the 10th to 90th percentiles of inflation across economies."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "c2c7be4534a60790d1d18451c91dc138",
|
||||
@ -208,6 +186,28 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Jan. 2019"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "0cce65035ca66e9be782c845ddd606e2",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Figure 1. Twin Peaks? Headline and Core Inflation (Percent, year over year)"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "e26dceaba57a5f670d91ac170e8706d1",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 3,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Sources: Haver Analytics; and IMF staff calculations. Note: The figure shows the developments in headline and core inflation across 18 advanced economies and 17 emerging market and developing economies. Core inflation is the change in prices for goods and services, but excluding those for food and energy (or the closest available measure). For the euro area (and other European countries for which the data are available), energy, food, alcohol, and tobacco are excluded. The gray bands depict the 10th to 90th percentiles of inflation across economies."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "63e35649dd179389ecc7251e1503489a",
|
||||
@ -593,17 +593,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Growth in emerging and developing Asia is expected to rise in 2023 and 2024 to 5.3 percent and 5.2 percent, respectively, after the deeper-than-expected slowdown in 2022 to 4.3 percent attributable to China’s economy. China’s real GDP slowdown in the fourth quarter of 2022 implies a 0.2 percentage point downgrade for 2022 growth to 3.0 percent—the first time in more than 40 years with China’s growth below the global average. Growth in China is projected to rise to 5.2 percent in 2023, reflecting rapidly improving mobility, and to fall to 4.5 percent in 2024 before settling at below 4 percent over the medium term amid declining business dynamism and slow progress on structural reforms. Growth in India is set to decline from 6.8 percent in 2022 to 6.1 percent in 2023 before picking up to 6.8 percent in 2024, with resilient domestic demand despite external headwinds. Growth in the ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) is similarly projected to slow to 4.3 percent in 2023 and then pick up to 4.7 percent in 2024."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "afde979c99a73646915fe253c85c5a9c",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 5,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Growth in emerging and developing Europe is projected to have bottomed out in 2022 at 0.7 percent and, since the October forecast, has been revised up for 2023 by 0.9 percentage point to 1.5 percent. This reflects a smaller economic contraction in Russia in 2022 (estimated at –2.2 percent compared with a predicted –3.4 percent) followed by modestly positive growth in 2023. At the current oil price cap level of the Group of Seven, Russian crude oil export volumes are not expected to be significantly affected, with Russian trade continuing to be redirected from sanctioning to non-sanctioning countries. In Latin America and the Caribbean, growth is projected to decline from 3.9 percent in 2022 to 1.8 percent in 2023, with an upward revision for 2023 of 0.1 percentage point since October. The forecast revision reflects upgrades of 0.2 percentage point for Brazil and 0.5 percentage point for Mexico due to unexpected domestic demand resilience, higher-than-expected growth in"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb924",
|
||||
@ -615,6 +604,17 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": ""
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "afde979c99a73646915fe253c85c5a9c",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 5,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Growth in emerging and developing Europe is projected to have bottomed out in 2022 at 0.7 percent and, since the October forecast, has been revised up for 2023 by 0.9 percentage point to 1.5 percent. This reflects a smaller economic contraction in Russia in 2022 (estimated at –2.2 percent compared with a predicted –3.4 percent) followed by modestly positive growth in 2023. At the current oil price cap level of the Group of Seven, Russian crude oil export volumes are not expected to be significantly affected, with Russian trade continuing to be redirected from sanctioning to non-sanctioning countries. In Latin America and the Caribbean, growth is projected to decline from 3.9 percent in 2022 to 1.8 percent in 2023, with an upward revision for 2023 of 0.1 percentage point since October. The forecast revision reflects upgrades of 0.2 percentage point for Brazil and 0.5 percentage point for Mexico due to unexpected domestic demand resilience, higher-than-expected growth in"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "NarrativeText",
|
||||
"element_id": "e7a8e30d6d49ffbca56f87cd6883c9a0",
|
||||
@ -626,17 +626,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "major trading partner economies, and in Brazil, greater-than-expected fiscal support. Growth in the region is projected to rise to 2.1 percent in 2024, although with a downward revision of 0.3 percentage point, reflecting tighter financial conditions, lower prices of exported commodities, and downward revisions to trading partner growth."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "25e2f1dc031b5421b8a234945098e58b",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"data_source": {},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 6,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Growth in the Middle East and Central Asia is projected to decline from 5.3 percent in 2022 to 3.2 percent in 2023, with a downward revision of 0.4 percentage point since October, mainly attributable to a steeper-than-expected growth slowdown in Saudi Arabia, from 8.7 percent in 2022 (which was stronger than expected by 1.1 percentage points) to 2.6 percent in 2023, with a negative revision of 1.1 percentage points. The downgrade for 2023 reflects mainly lower oil production in line with an agreement through OPEC+ (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, including Russia and other non-OPEC oil exporters), while non-oil growth is expected to remain robust. In sub-Saharan Africa, growth is projected to remain moderate at 3.8 percent in 2023 amid prolonged fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic, although with a modest upward revision since October, before picking up to 4.1 percent in 2024. The small upward revision for 2023 (0.1 percentage point) reflects Nigeria’s rising growth in 2023 due to measures to address insecurity issues in the oil sector. In South Africa, by contrast, after a COVID-19 reopening rebound in 2022, projected growth more than halves in 2023, to 1.2 percent, reflecting weaker external demand, power shortages, and structural constraints."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb924",
|
||||
@ -648,6 +637,17 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": ""
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "25e2f1dc031b5421b8a234945098e58b",
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
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|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 6,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Growth in the Middle East and Central Asia is projected to decline from 5.3 percent in 2022 to 3.2 percent in 2023, with a downward revision of 0.4 percentage point since October, mainly attributable to a steeper-than-expected growth slowdown in Saudi Arabia, from 8.7 percent in 2022 (which was stronger than expected by 1.1 percentage points) to 2.6 percent in 2023, with a negative revision of 1.1 percentage points. The downgrade for 2023 reflects mainly lower oil production in line with an agreement through OPEC+ (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, including Russia and other non-OPEC oil exporters), while non-oil growth is expected to remain robust. In sub-Saharan Africa, growth is projected to remain moderate at 3.8 percent in 2023 amid prolonged fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic, although with a modest upward revision since October, before picking up to 4.1 percent in 2024. The small upward revision for 2023 (0.1 percentage point) reflects Nigeria’s rising growth in 2023 due to measures to address insecurity issues in the oil sector. In South Africa, by contrast, after a COVID-19 reopening rebound in 2022, projected growth more than halves in 2023, to 1.2 percent, reflecting weaker external demand, power shortages, and structural constraints."
|
||||
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@ -1121,17 +1121,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Latin America and the Caribbean"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Middle East and Central Asia"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "e30a554d7d1cbf308651f8c267ad6872",
|
||||
@ -1143,6 +1132,17 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Brazil Mexico"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "24af2841400373443d80b6c91180918b",
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||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Middle East and Central Asia"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "b2800ff802361713acee893ebae272f6",
|
||||
@ -1792,17 +1792,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "War in Ukraine escalating: An escalation of the war in Ukraine remains a major source of vulnerability, particularly for Europe and lower-income countries. Europe is facing lower-than- anticipated gas prices, having stored enough gas to make shortages unlikely this winter. However, refilling storage with much-diminished Russian flows will be challenging ahead of next winter, particularly if it is a very cold one and China’s energy demand picks up, causing price spikes. A possible increase in food prices from a failed extension of the Black Sea grain initiative would put further pressure on lower-income countries that are experiencing food insecurity and have limited budgetary room to cushion the impact on households and businesses. With elevated food and fuel prices, social unrest may increase."
|
||||
},
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
"page_number": 8,
|
||||
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|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Debt distress: Since October, sovereign spreads for emerging market and developing economies have modestly declined on the back of an easing in global financial conditions (Box 1) and dollar depreciation. About 15 percent of low-income countries are estimated to be in debt distress, with an additional 45 percent at high risk of debt distress and about 25 percent of emerging market economies also at high risk. The combination of high debt levels from the pandemic, lower growth, and higher borrowing costs exacerbates the vulnerability of these economies, especially those with significant near-term dollar financing needs. Inflation persisting: Persistent labor market tightness could translate into stronger-than-expected wage growth. Higher-than-expected oil, gas, and food prices from the war in Ukraine or from a faster rebound in China’s growth could again raise headline inflation and pass through into underlying inflation. Such developments could cause inflation expectations to de-anchor and require an even tighter monetary policy."
|
||||
},
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
@ -1814,6 +1803,17 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": ""
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
"page_number": 8,
|
||||
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|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Debt distress: Since October, sovereign spreads for emerging market and developing economies have modestly declined on the back of an easing in global financial conditions (Box 1) and dollar depreciation. About 15 percent of low-income countries are estimated to be in debt distress, with an additional 45 percent at high risk of debt distress and about 25 percent of emerging market economies also at high risk. The combination of high debt levels from the pandemic, lower growth, and higher borrowing costs exacerbates the vulnerability of these economies, especially those with significant near-term dollar financing needs. Inflation persisting: Persistent labor market tightness could translate into stronger-than-expected wage growth. Higher-than-expected oil, gas, and food prices from the war in Ukraine or from a faster rebound in China’s growth could again raise headline inflation and pass through into underlying inflation. Such developments could cause inflation expectations to de-anchor and require an even tighter monetary policy."
|
||||
},
|
||||
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|
||||
"type": "ListItem",
|
||||
"element_id": "33ccff3014b460178e62d9c8021fd728",
|
||||
@ -2012,17 +2012,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Overall, financial stability risks remain elevated as investors reassess their inflation and monetary policy outlook. Global financial conditions have eased somewhat since the October 2022 Global Financial Stability Report, driven largely by changing market expectations regarding the interest rate cycle (Figure 1.1). While the expected peak in policy rates—the terminal rate—has risen, markets now also expect the subsequent fall in rates will be significantly faster, and further, than what was forecast in October (Figure 1.2). As a result, global bond yields have recently declined, corporate spreads have tightened, and equity markets have rebounded. That said, central banks are likely to continue to tighten monetary policy to fight inflation, and concerns that this restrictive stance could tip the economy into a recession have increased in major advanced economies."
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 11,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Slowing aggregate demand and weaker-than-expected inflation prints in some major advanced economies have prompted investors’ anticipation of a further reduction in the pace of future policy rate hikes. Corporate earnings forecasts have been cut due to headwinds from slowing demand, and margins have contracted across most regions. In addition, survey-based probabilities of recession have been increasing, particularly in the United States and Europe. However, upside risks to the inflation outlook remain. Despite the recent moderation in headline inflation, core inflation remains stubbornly high across most regions, labor markets are still tight, energy prices remain pressured by Russia’s ongoing war in Ukraine, and supply chain disruptions may reappear. To keep these risks in check, financial conditions will likely need to tighten further. If not, central banks may need to increase policy rates even more in order to achieve their inflation objectives."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
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|
||||
@ -2287,6 +2276,83 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Sources: Bloomberg Finance L.P.; Haver Analytics; national data sources; and IMF staff calculations. Note: AEs = advanced economies; EMs = emerging markets. GFSR = Global Financial Stability Report."
|
||||
},
|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
"page_number": 11,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Slowing aggregate demand and weaker-than-expected inflation prints in some major advanced economies have prompted investors’ anticipation of a further reduction in the pace of future policy rate hikes. Corporate earnings forecasts have been cut due to headwinds from slowing demand, and margins have contracted across most regions. In addition, survey-based probabilities of recession have been increasing, particularly in the United States and Europe. However, upside risks to the inflation outlook remain. Despite the recent moderation in headline inflation, core inflation remains stubbornly high across most regions, labor markets are still tight, energy prices remain pressured by Russia’s ongoing war in Ukraine, and supply chain disruptions may reappear. To keep these risks in check, financial conditions will likely need to tighten further. If not, central banks may need to increase policy rates even more in order to achieve their inflation objectives."
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
"page_number": 11,
|
||||
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|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "6"
|
||||
},
|
||||
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|
||||
"page_number": 11,
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
"text": "5"
|
||||
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|
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||||
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|
||||
"page_number": 11,
|
||||
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|
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|
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"text": "4"
|
||||
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|
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 11,
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
"page_number": 11,
|
||||
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"text": "2"
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|
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||||
"page_number": 11,
|
||||
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|
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},
|
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"text": "1"
|
||||
},
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
"element_id": "6ef230728534d871e5126e2a55e12b26",
|
||||
@ -2320,17 +2386,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
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"text": "October 2022 GFSR"
|
||||
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|
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||||
"page_number": 11,
|
||||
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|
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},
|
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"text": "6"
|
||||
},
|
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|
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|
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|
||||
@ -2518,61 +2573,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
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"text": "Dec. 26"
|
||||
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|
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||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
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|
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||||
"page_number": 11,
|
||||
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|
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"text": "2"
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
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|
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|
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"text": "1"
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
@ -1077,17 +1077,6 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "r a e y"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
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|
||||
"element_id": "f83714d89302473e0e4f5399bd50e7a9",
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|
||||
"page_number": 8,
|
||||
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|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "W T"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
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|
||||
"element_id": "3f79bb7b435b05321651daefd374cdc6",
|
||||
@ -1099,28 +1088,6 @@
|
||||
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|
||||
"text": "e"
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
"page_number": 8,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "r e p s e i t i l"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "1fb2ec4fc8fc547c0de86ba79ba651e5",
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 8,
|
||||
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|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "a t a F"
|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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@ -1143,6 +1110,61 @@
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "100"
|
||||
},
|
||||
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|
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|
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 8,
|
||||
"links": []
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "120"
|
||||
},
|
||||
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|
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"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 8,
|
||||
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|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "99.5"
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
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|
||||
"element_id": "f83714d89302473e0e4f5399bd50e7a9",
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
"page_number": 8,
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
"text": "W T"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
"page_number": 8,
|
||||
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|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "r e p s e i t i l"
|
||||
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|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "Title",
|
||||
"element_id": "1fb2ec4fc8fc547c0de86ba79ba651e5",
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 8,
|
||||
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|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "a t a F"
|
||||
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|
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@ -1176,6 +1198,17 @@
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
"text": "71.9"
|
||||
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|
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|
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@ -1198,17 +1231,6 @@
|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "120"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
@ -1220,17 +1242,6 @@
|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
||||
"page_number": 8,
|
||||
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|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "99.5"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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@ -1242,17 +1253,6 @@
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@ -1693,17 +1693,6 @@
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@ -153,17 +153,6 @@
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||||
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"text": "Nuclear energy and the risk of radiation is one of the most extreme cases in which perceived and actual risks have diverged. The fear of radiation, whilst pre- dating the Second World War, was firmly established by the debate on the potential impacts of low-dose radiation from the fallout from nuclear weapons testing in the early years of the Cold War. Radiation in many ways became linked with the mental imagery of nuclear war, playing an important role in increasing public concern about radiation and its health effects. There is a well-established discrepancy between fact-based risk assessments and public perception of different risks. This is very much the case with nuclear power, and this is clearly highlighted in Figure 1, with laypersons ranking nuclear power as the highest risk out of 30 activities and technologies, with experts ranking nuclear as 20th. In many ways, popular culture’s depiction of radiation has played a role in ensuring that this discrepancy has remained, be it Godzilla, The Incredible Hulk, or The Simpsons, which regularly plays on the notion of radiation from nuclear power plants causing three-eyed fish, something that has been firmly rejected as unscientific."
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||||
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||||
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||||
"text": "Figure 1. Ordering of perceived risks for 30 activities and technologies1,iii"
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||||
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@ -176,15 +165,26 @@
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||||
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|
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|
||||
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@ -362,6 +351,17 @@
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File diff suppressed because it is too large
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@ -321,7 +321,7 @@
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@ -575,6 +539,24 @@
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@ -611,6 +593,24 @@
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|
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@ -1169,6 +1151,24 @@
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@ -1205,24 +1205,6 @@
|
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"text": "r e p s e i t i l"
|
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"text": "a t a F"
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@ -1241,6 +1223,24 @@
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@ -1385,24 +1403,6 @@
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@ -2179,7 +2179,7 @@
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@ -2193,11 +2193,11 @@
|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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@ -2211,11 +2211,11 @@
|
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|
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"text": "x OECD-NEA (2019). The Full Costs of Electricity Provision. Available at: https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_14998/"
|
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|
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|
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@ -2229,61 +2229,7 @@
|
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|
||||
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|
||||
"text": "ix Cancer Research UK (n.d.). Cancer risk statistics. Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-"
|
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|
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@ -2391,11 +2373,11 @@
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"text": "Photo credits: Front cover & pages 1, 4, 6 left, 7 bottom: Adobe Stock; page 6 right: Getty Images; page 7 top: Uniper."
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|
||||
"version": 306475068461766865312866697521104206816,
|
||||
"record_locator": {
|
||||
"protocol": "s3",
|
||||
"remote_file_path": "utic-dev-tech-fixtures/small-pdf-set/recalibrating-risk-report.pdf"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"date_modified": "2023-02-12T10:09:32"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"filetype": "application/pdf",
|
||||
"page_number": 10
|
||||
},
|
||||
"text": "Photo credits: Front cover & pages 1, 4, 6 left, 7 bottom: Adobe Stock; page 6 right: Getty Images; page 7 top: Uniper."
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"type": "UncategorizedText",
|
||||
"element_id": "2c624232cdd221771294dfbb310aca00",
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,18 +1,62 @@
|
||||
from typing import List
|
||||
import os
|
||||
from typing import List, Tuple
|
||||
|
||||
import numpy as np
|
||||
|
||||
from unstructured.documents.elements import CoordinatesMetadata, Element
|
||||
from unstructured.logger import trace_logger
|
||||
from unstructured.partition.utils.constants import SORT_MODE_BASIC, SORT_MODE_XY_CUT
|
||||
from unstructured.partition.utils.constants import (
|
||||
SORT_MODE_BASIC,
|
||||
SORT_MODE_XY_CUT,
|
||||
)
|
||||
from unstructured.partition.utils.xycut import recursive_xy_cut
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def coordinates_to_bbox(coordinates: CoordinatesMetadata) -> List[int]:
|
||||
def coordinates_to_bbox(coordinates: CoordinatesMetadata) -> Tuple[int, int, int, int]:
|
||||
"""
|
||||
Convert coordinates to a bounding box representation.
|
||||
|
||||
Parameters:
|
||||
coordinates (CoordinatesMetadata): Metadata containing points to represent the bounding box.
|
||||
|
||||
Returns:
|
||||
Tuple[int, int, int, int]: A tuple representing the bounding box in the format
|
||||
(left, top, right, bottom).
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
points = coordinates.points
|
||||
left, top = points[0]
|
||||
right, bottom = points[2]
|
||||
return [int(left), int(top), int(right), int(bottom)]
|
||||
return int(left), int(top), int(right), int(bottom)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def shrink_bbox(bbox: Tuple[int, int, int, int], shrink_factor) -> Tuple[int, int, int, int]:
|
||||
"""
|
||||
Shrink a bounding box by a given shrink factor while maintaining its center.
|
||||
|
||||
Parameters:
|
||||
bbox (Tuple[int, int, int, int]): The original bounding box represented by
|
||||
(left, top, right, bottom).
|
||||
shrink_factor (float): The factor by which to shrink the bounding box (0.0 to 1.0).
|
||||
|
||||
Returns:
|
||||
Tuple[int, int, int, int]: The shrunken bounding box represented by
|
||||
(left, top, right, bottom).
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
left, top, right, bottom = bbox
|
||||
width = right - left
|
||||
height = bottom - top
|
||||
new_width = width * shrink_factor
|
||||
new_height = height * shrink_factor
|
||||
dw = (width - new_width) / 2
|
||||
dh = (height - new_height) / 2
|
||||
|
||||
new_left = left + dw
|
||||
new_right = right - dw
|
||||
new_top = top + dh
|
||||
new_bottom = bottom - dh
|
||||
return int(new_left), int(new_top), int(new_right), int(new_bottom)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
def coord_has_valid_points(coordinates: CoordinatesMetadata) -> bool:
|
||||
@ -37,6 +81,7 @@ def coord_has_valid_points(coordinates: CoordinatesMetadata) -> bool:
|
||||
def sort_page_elements(
|
||||
page_elements: List[Element],
|
||||
sort_mode: str = SORT_MODE_XY_CUT,
|
||||
shrink_factor: float = 0.9,
|
||||
) -> List[Element]:
|
||||
"""
|
||||
Sorts a list of page elements based on the specified sorting mode.
|
||||
@ -57,6 +102,10 @@ def sort_page_elements(
|
||||
- List[Element]: A list of sorted page elements.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
|
||||
shrink_factor = float(
|
||||
os.environ.get("UNSTRUCTURED_XY_CUT_BBOX_SHRINK_FACTOR", shrink_factor),
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if not page_elements:
|
||||
return []
|
||||
|
||||
@ -82,9 +131,18 @@ def sort_page_elements(
|
||||
if sort_mode == SORT_MODE_XY_CUT:
|
||||
if not _coords_ok(strict_points=True):
|
||||
return page_elements
|
||||
boxes = [coordinates_to_bbox(coords) for coords in coordinates_list]
|
||||
shrunken_bboxes = []
|
||||
for coords in coordinates_list:
|
||||
bbox = coordinates_to_bbox(coords)
|
||||
shrunken_bbox = shrink_bbox(bbox, shrink_factor)
|
||||
shrunken_bboxes.append(shrunken_bbox)
|
||||
|
||||
res: List[int] = []
|
||||
recursive_xy_cut(np.asarray(boxes).astype(int), np.arange(len(boxes)), res)
|
||||
recursive_xy_cut(
|
||||
np.asarray(shrunken_bboxes).astype(int),
|
||||
np.arange(len(shrunken_bboxes)),
|
||||
res,
|
||||
)
|
||||
sorted_page_elements = [page_elements[i] for i in res]
|
||||
elif sort_mode == SORT_MODE_BASIC:
|
||||
if not _coords_ok(strict_points=False):
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
x
Reference in New Issue
Block a user